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Asthma & COPD

QuestionAnswer
Asthma Patho Chronic inflammation & bronchial hyperresponsiveness → reversible airway obstruction & reduced airflow.
Asthma Triggers Allergens, cold air, exercise, URI, NSAIDs, GERD, stress, irritants (smoke, dust).
Asthma Sx Wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough (especially at night), prolonged expiratory phase.
Status Asthmaticus Severe, life-threatening asthma attack unresponsive to usual therapy. Risk of respiratory arrest.
Status Asthmaticus Tx Nebulized high-dose SABA, systemic steroids, IV fluids, O2, epinephrine, prepare for intubation.
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Includes emphysema & chronic bronchitis. Irreversible airflow limitation.
Emphysema Patho Destruction of alveoli → loss of elasticity, hyperinflation, air trapping. Impaired gas exchange.
Emphysema Sx "Pink Puffer": dyspnea, barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing, thin appearance, minimal cyanosis.
Chronic Bronchitis Patho Inflammation & mucus hypersecretion in airways. "Blue Bloater": cyanosis, edema, cough.
Chronic Bronchitis Sx Productive cough >3 months/yr for 2+ years, hypoxemia, cyanosis, peripheral edema.
COPD Risk Factors Smoking (primary), occupational dust/chemicals, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, aging.
COPD Management Smoking cessation, O2 therapy (≤2L/min), bronchodilators, steroids, pulmonary rehab, vaccines.
COPD Nursing Care High Fowler's, pursed-lip breathing, effective cough, hydration, nutrition, energy conservation.
Cystic Fibrosis Autosomal recessive. Defective chloride transport → thick mucus → lung/pancreatic dysfunction.
CF Sx Chronic pulmonary infections, steatorrhea, malnutrition, clubbing, sweat high in chloride (dx test).
CF Management Airway clearance (chest PT), pancreatic enzyme replacement, high-calorie diet, ABX, lung transplant.
Created by: Wasurenboh
 

 



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