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Stats Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| statistical thinking | way of understanding a complex world by describing it in relatively simple terms |
| descriptive statistics | organize and summarize information |
| inferential statistics | answer research questions |
| data | measured values of variables |
| varialbe | condition or characteristics that can take on different values |
| values | range of “responses” to a variable; can be categories or numerical values. |
| score | each individual's value for a particular variable |
| population | group of people that we are interested in studying |
| sample | set of individuals from the population that we are able to collect data from |
| statistic | a feature of a sample |
| parameter | describing some feature of a population |
| mean symbol | M |
| standard deviation symbol | SD |
| correlation symbol | r |
| representative sample | subset of a population that accurately reflects the characteristics of the whole population |
| random sample | each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected |
| sampling error | the natural difference b/w a sample statistic and the true value in the population |
| stratified random samplying | sampling method where the population is divided into meaningful subgroups |
| convenience samples | sample taken from individuals who are easy to reach, readily available, or willing to participate |
| WEIRD samples | western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic |
| random assignment | researchers divide the participants randomly into groups |
| control group | group that receives the placebo |
| random selection vs random sampling | selection happens as researchers are trying to get people into a study, assignment happens after the sample has been made |
| quasi-experiments | research design that resembles an experiment but lacks random assignment |
| non-experiments | research design that measures two or more variables to determines whether they are statistically related without manipulating them |
| extraneous variables | effects the DV, but separately from the IV |
| confounding variables | type of extraneous variable that follows the same pattern as the independent variable, making it difficult to understand the relationship b/w the IV and DV |
| operationalizing variables | defining exactly how you will measure or observe a variable in a study |
| reliabilty | whether a measure is consistent |
| validity | whether a measure is measuring what is it supposed to measure |
| nominal | categories are names or labels only with no numerical meaning and no inherent order |
| ordinal | categories have meaningful order, but the differences b/w categories are not equal or measureable |
| qualitative variables | describes qualities, characteristics, or categories, rather than numerical amounts |
| quantitative variables | variables that are well represented by numbers |
| interval | has equal distance between values |
| ratio | has equal distance and a meaningful zero point |
| discrete | do not have spaces between the measurements |
| continuous | values can be divided infinitely between units |
| integers | counting numbers |
| real numbers | integers and fractions |
| binary numbers | when there are only two values that can be in a set (yes/no, true/false) |
| frequency | how often a value for a variable appears in a data set |
| frequency table | table that lists each value in a dataset along with the number of times it occurs |
| continuous qualitative data | numerical measurements that can take any value within a range, including decimals and fractions |
| bins | intervals that you group your data into when creating a histogram |
| central tendency | refers to the descriptive statistics that best represents the center of a data set |
| mean | average of a group of scores |
| median | middle score of all scores in a sample when the scores are arranged in ascending order |
| mode | most common score of all the scores in a sample |
| unimodal distribution | has one mode |
| bimodal distribution | has two modes |
| multimodal distribution | has more than two modes |
| range | measure of variability calculated by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score |
| variability | a numerical way of describing how much spread there is in a distribution |
| variance | average of the squared deviations from the mean |
| deviation from the mean | amount that a score in a sample differs from the mean of the sample |
| sum of squares | symbolized as SS, is the sum of each of the score's squared deviation from the mean |
| standard deviation | square root of the average of the squared deviations from the mean |
| How are deviation scores represented? | X - M |
| How is variance represented? | SD^2 |
| interquartile range | measure of the distance between the first and third quartiles |
| first quartile | marks the 25th percentile of a data set |
| third quartile | marks the 75th percentile of a data set |
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