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cells
cell vocabulary list
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell | the fundamental structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms |
| Osmosis | the spontaneous net movement of a solvent (usually water) through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration |
| Cell Theory | a fundamental, unifying scientific principle stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Cell Wall | a rigid or semi-rigid, non-living, and permeable layer located outside the plasma membrane in plant, fungal, bacterial, archaeal, and algal cells |
| Cell Membrane | a, dynamic, semipermeable lipid bilayer surrounding all living cells, separating the cytoplasm from the external environment |
| Nucleus | a central, specialized, and dense core |
| Organelle | a specialized, often membrane-bound subunit within a cell that performs specific functions necessary for the cell's survival, growth, and reproduction |
| Ribosome | a complex molecular machine, composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, that acts as the site of protein synthesis in all living cells |
| Nucleic Acid | large, naturally occurring polymeric macromolecules (polynucleotides) that store and transmit genetic information in all living cells and viruses |
| Selectively Permeable | a membrane that controls which substances pass through, allowing some (like water, oxygen, small uncharged molecules) while blocking others (like larger polar molecules, ions) to maintain the cell's internal balance |
| Cytoplasm | the gelatinous, semi-fluid material filling the interior of a cell, bounded by the plasma membrane |
| Mitochondria | specialized, double-membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that function as the primary "powerhouse" by generating over 90% of cellular energy |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a vast, continuous network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) extending from the nuclear envelope throughout the eukaryotic cytoplasm |
| Golgi Apparatus | a membrane-bound eukaryotic organelle composed of a series of stacked, flattened pouches called cisternae |
| Chloroplast | a specialized organelle in plant and algal cells that performs photosynthesis, using chlorophyll to capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct |
| Lysosome | a membrane-bound organelle within eukaryotic cells that acts as the cell's digestive and waste disposal system, containing powerful hydrolytic enzymes to break down cellular debris, worn-out organelles, and engulfed foreign particles like bacteria, recycl |
| DNA | a self-replicating, double-stranded helical molecule found in cell nuclei (and mitochondria) that carries the genetic instructions for the development, function, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses |
| Passive Transport | the, energy-independent movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, known as moving down the concentration gradient |
| Active Transport | the energy-dependent process by which cells move ions or molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) |
| Diffusion | the net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by a concentration gradient and the kinetic energy of particles |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells, along with their intercellular matrix and intercellular substances, that work together to perform a specific, specialized function in a multicellular organism |
| Organ | a specialized structural unit composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions within a multicellular organism |
| Organ System | a specialized, functional group of two or more organs working together to perform complex, essential bodily tasks |
| Endocytosis | an active transport mechanism where eukaryotic cells ingest extracellular fluids, macromolecules, and large particles by engulfing them in a portion of the plasma membrane |
| Exocytosis | a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters, proteins, waste) out of the cytoplasm to the extracellular space |
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