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Cell Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | the fundamental, structural, and functional unit of all living organisms, acting as the smallest unit capable of independent life |
| Osmosis | the passive movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (high water potential) to a region of higher solute concentration (low water potential) |
| Cell Theory | all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| Cell Wall | a rigid outer layer found in plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria (but not animals) that provides structural support, shape, and protection, preventing the cell from bursting due to osmotic pressure |
| Cell Membrane | a thin, flexible, and semipermeable barrier surrounding all cells, composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates |
| Nucleus | is the membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that acts as the command center, storing genetic material (DNA) and regulating cellular activities like growth and metabolism |
| Organelle | tiny organs inside a cell, each with a specific job, such as making energy (mitochondria) or storing genetic information (nucleus), to keep the cell alive and functioning |
| Ribosome | essential molecular machines, composed of RNA and protein, that function as the primary sites of protein synthesis (translation) in all living cells |
| Nucleic Acid | essential macromolecules that store, transmit, and express genetic information |
| Selectively Permeable | a biological or synthetic barrier that allows specific molecules and ions to pass through while blocking others |
| Cytoplasm | the jelly-like cytosol, various organelles (like mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, Golgi), and the cytoskeleton, |
| Mitochondria | organelles in eukaryotic cells that produce most of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a continuous, membrane-enclosed network of sacs and tubes in eukaryotic cells that functions as a manufacturing, packaging, and transportation system. |
| Golgi Apparatus | a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell. |
| Chloroplast | conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide |
| Lysosome | membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. |
| DNA | the hereditary molecule that contains the genetic instructions for an organism's development, functioning, and reproduction |
| Passive Transport | energy-independent movement of substances across cell membranes along a concentration gradient (high to low concentration). |
| Active Transport | the energy-dependent process of moving molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient |
| Diffusion | the natural, passive movement of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) from a high-concentration area to a low-concentration area, spreading out until evenly distributed, driven by random thermal motion and requiring no external energy |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells and their extracellular matrix, derived from the same embryonic origin, that work together to perform a specific, specialized function |
| Organ | a specialized, functional collection of tissues (such as heart, lungs, liver, or skin) that performs specific life-sustaining tasks within a multicellular organism. |
| Organ System | a group of organs working together to perform complex, specialized functions for an organism |
| Endocytosis | a cellular process where the plasma membrane engulfs external materials to form vesicles, bringing substances like proteins, fluids, or particles into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | an active transport process where cells use energy to export large molecules, such as proteins and neurotransmitters, by fusing intracellular vesicles with the plasma membrane |
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