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Cell Vocabulary
Cell Vocabulray
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | the smallest, basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms |
| Osmosis | the spontaneous passive transport of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to a region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration) |
| Cell Theory | a fundamental biological principle stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Cell Wall | a rigid, protective, and semi-permeable outer layer surrounding the plasma membrane in plant, fungal, bacterial, and algal cells, but absent in animal cells |
| Cell Membrane | a thin, flexible, semipermeable barrier surrounding all cells, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
| Nucleus | the membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that acts as the command center, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and regulating growth and reproduction. |
| Organelle | a specialized, often membrane-bound subunit within a cell that performs specific functions, similar to how organs function within the body |
| Ribosome | essential, non-membrane-bound molecular machines found in all living cells, composed of RNA and protein |
| Nucleic Acid | essential, large biomolecules—specifically polynucleotides—that store and transmit genetic information in all living cells and viruses |
| Selectively Permeable | a biological or synthetic barrier that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while restricting others |
| Cytoplasm | the jelly-like substance filling a cell, located between the cell membrane and the nucleus in eukaryotes, or filling the entire cell in prokaryotes |
| Mitochondria | double-membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, known as the "powerhouses of the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a continuous, network-like organelle of membranes (cisternae and tubules) in eukaryotic cells, extending from the nucleus throughout the cytoplasm |
| Golgi Apparatus | a membrane-bound eukaryotic organelle composed of stacked, flattened sacs (cisternae) that processes, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Chloroplast | a specialized, green-pigmented organelle found in plant and algal cells that conducts photosynthesis |
| Lysosome | membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells containing digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes |
| DNA | the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms |
| Passive Transport | the movement of ions and molecules across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration (down the concentration gradient) without requiring cellular energy (ATP) |
| Active Transport | the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient |
| Diffusion | the passive, net movement of particles (atoms, ions, or molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Tissue | a group of similar cells and their intercellular material that work together to perform a specific function in an organism |
| Organ | a specialized structure composed of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions within a living organism |
| Organ System | a group of anatomical structures and organs that work together to perform one or more specific, complex functions for an organism |
| Endocytosis | the active cellular process of taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them with the plasma membrane, which then pinches off to form an internal vesicle |
| Exocytosis | the energy-requiring (active transport) process by which cells export materials—such as proteins, neurotransmitters, or waste—by fusing internal vesicles with the plasma membrane to release the contents into the extracellular space |
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