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C1 Crime PT 2
Perspectives explanations of crime, Feminism, Post Modernism, Realist
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Early explanation of Gender and Crime? | Parsons' Sex Role Theory - Men and women through socialisation and nature are different to each other. Males have different norms and values making them more likely to commit crime |
| Why is Parsons' Sex Role Theory, incorrect in the eyes of Feminism? | Theories that explain gender differences without acknowledging the inequalities within patriarchal society are considered incomplete |
| According to the Feminist, Smart, what is Malestream Criminology? | Traditional criminology has been malestream, looking at crime from a masculine perspective: ignoring the role of unequal gender in crime, ignoring women as victims and appealing to masculine interests |
| According to the Feminist, Carlen, what is the Class and Gender Deal? | Class Deal: women complete paid labour to be able to afford consumer goods and material comfort. Gender Deal: Women provide domestic work and emotional care in return for protection and financial support from men. |
| According to the Feminist, Carlen, how does the Class and Gender Deal cause women to commit crime? | When women find that society doesn't uphold its end of the deal they commit crime to survive. The deal itself is oppressive to women, who are exploited through unpaid domestic housework and paid labour |
| According to the Feminist, Heidensohn, what is Control Theory, and how does it explain why women commit less crime than men? | Women are expected to be passive and restricted by men. They develop a 'Bedroom Culture' and are expected to stay home or be accompanied when outside. This means that women have less opportunity to commit crime |
| What does the Feminist, Messerschmidt, mean by Hegemonic Masculinity how does it cause men to commit crime? | Hegemonic Masculinity is the default, dominant, type of masculinity in society. When men feel that they can't achieve masculinity through legitimate means, they turn to illegitimate criminal means |
| What are the traits of Hegemonic Masculinity? | Work in the paid-labour market, subordination of women, heteronormativity, sexual prowess. |
| What is the Feminist, Messerschmidt's, view on Domestic Violence and Femicide? | Males are statistically more likely to be victims of crime compared to women, however, Hegemonic Masculinity causes women to be more likely to be victims of certain types of crime: Domestic Abuse, Sexual Assault and Femicide |
| What is Transgressive Criminology? | Choosing a new definition of crime, not just based on the narrow definition of legal or illegal |
| According to the Post Modernists, Henry and Milovanovic, when should an act be considered a crime? | When people use power to harm others through Harms of Reduction (Causing immediate loss or injury), or Harms of Repression (Restricting future development) |
| Why should crime be transgressed? | To prevent powerful people from using their power to harm diverse groups, opinions and lifestyles within a Post Modern Society |
| According to the Post Modernist, Lyng, why do people commit crime? | Edgework: Individuals enjoy pushing boundaries and engaging in risky behaviour, especially to gain status and identity. Individuals who consistently engage in risky behaviour eventually end up breaking the rules and becoming a criminal |
| According to the Post Modernist, Katz, how is crime Seductive? | People commit crime because they enjoy the experience of it, it gives them thrill and power over others |
| What does the Post Modernist, Katz, mean by 'Moral Self Transcendence in the Face of Boredom'? | Individuals feel like they are able to rise above and be better than the system by breaking its rules |
| What is the difference between Left and Right Realism? | Agree: Crime is a real problem that needs to be reduced by realistic policies. Disagree: The cause of crime, how to reduce crime, what policies should be introduced |
| What do Left Realists believe about crime? | The Cause: poverty and inequality, How to Reduce: redistribute wealth, Policies: social support, wealth redistribution, tolerant police |
| What do Right Realists believe about crime? | The Cause: weak families and social control, How to Reduce: tougher punishments and control, Policies: increased sentences, lower benefits, zero tolerance policing |
| According to the Left Realists, Lea and Young, what is Marginalisation? | Temporarily being forced to the edge of society, disadvantaged and not able to access the benefits. People can be Marginalised socially, politically and economically |
| According to the Left Realists, Lea and Young, what is Relative Deprivation? | How individuals and groups feel economically in comparison to others. Crime is caused by thinking that you are poorer than you should be. |
| What do the Left Realists, Lea and Young, say about Subcultures in regards to crime? | Subcultures are groups with shared illegitimate, criminal norms and values, to counter the effects of marginalisation and deprivation and achieve the wider goals of society |
| According to the Right Realist, Wilson, how does crime occur? | Broken Windows: Crime is caused by small, visible non criminal incivilities going uncontrolled, leading to larger crime and disorder by signalling to potential criminals that crime can be committed without being punished |
| Give three examples of non criminal incivilities that can lead to crime if uncontrolled | Graffiti, vandalism, littering, rowdiness, anti social behaviour, etc |
| According to the Right Realist/New Right thinker, Murray, what is the Underclass and how does it cause crime? | The Underclass are a social class characterised by benefit dependency, unemployment, petty crime and lone parent families. The Underclass have no motivation to become employed, so short term thinking and crime becomes the norm |
| How does the Right Realist/New Right thinker, Murray, suggest crime among the Underclass should be stopped? | Reduced benefits and strict police |
| True or False, according to the Right Realists, Wilson and Hernnstein, criminal norms are caused by natural biological factors | True - Discordant Families: Some families are bad at raising and socialising children into the correct norms and values of society due to natural biological factors such as natural low self control |
| According to the Right Realists, Wilson and Hernnstein, how should crime be stopped? | Crime caused by Discordant Families cannot be stopped, only controlled |
| According to the Right Realist, Felson, why is crime committed? | Crime is committed when an individual decides the positives outweigh the negatives. Crime is committed when there is: Motivation, Opportunity and Lack of Guardians responsible for stopping the crime |
Created by:
Skyelark