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HBOD Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell membrane | phospholipid bilayer (ECF || ICF), selectively permeable (H2O, O2, lipids), consistency of olive oil |
| organelles | membrane bound |
| cytoplasm | cytosol + all organelles |
| nucleus | nucleus contains DNA and nucleolus (ribosomes are made), nucleoplasm is liquid |
| nuclear envelope | outer protective layer - 2 phospholipid bilayers |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | extension of outer nuclear membrane, rER produce proteins & modify proteins modification: folding, glycosylation, lapidification |
| golgi | continue processing proteins (from rER) mRNA to protein |
| ribosome | site of translation |
| mitochondria | site of ATP production arobic respiration |
| lysosome | cell digestion, degrade bacteria and viruses nucleic acids (nucleotides) proteins (amino acids) |
| cytoplasm | all encompassing minus cytosol functions as diffusional medium |
| cytoskeleton | comprised of structural proteins functions as intracellular highway |
| membranes of organelles | phospholipid bilayer keeps internal environment seperate |
| Phospholipid | forms bilayer, phoso can change location within its own layer hydrophilic head (polar = has charge), hydrophobic tail (non polar so cant interact with water) |
| cholesterol | formed in liver, structural part of membrane, prevents unregulated diffusion remains buried deep among hydrophobic chains & tails |
| glycolipids | lipids with carbs attached, useful for interacting with other ECF components |
| integral proteins | permanently part of cell membrane (transmembrane, monotopic, glycoproteins, glycocalyx) |
| peripheral proteins | transient (fleeting) located on either side of the cell membrane |
| receptor proteins | bind a chemical or respond to external signal, initiate action (ligand-gated, mechanically-gated, photo-gated) |
| transmembrane | spans through both sides of cell membrane (phos bilayer); part in ECF & ICF for enter & exit |
| monotopic | only 1 side of membrane, usually ECF |
| glycoprotein | protein embedded in membrane, has carbs sticking out into ECF |
| glycocalyx | fuzzy, carbohydrate lining covers surface of almost all cells help bind nutrients and get them into cells |
| ligand gated | opens/closes due to binding a ligand chemical messenger (ion channel) |
| mechanically gated | open/close due to changes in pressure |
| photon gated | open/close due to receptor of photons (light) |
| passive transport | No ATP required (simple & facilitated diffusion, osmosis) |
| simple diffusion | require concentration gradient ex: h2o, co2, o2 |
| facilitated diffusion | require concentration gradient AND need a protein to help move the item ex: amino acids, glucose, ions (have charge & large) |
| osmosis | require concentration gradient AND protein channel called aquaporins |
| active transport | ATP required (primary active transport, secondary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis) |
| primary active transport | use ATP directly - protein can directly hydrolyze ATP through pumps ex: Na+/K+ pump |
| secondary active transport | use ATP indirectly ex: protein called SGLT |
| endocytosis | move items into cells ICF using vesicles ex: cholesterol |
| exocytosis | move items out of cells ICF into ECF ex: large proteins that need to go into blood |
| neurons | nerve cells responsible for sensing and interpreting information |
| what three main components are required to remain responsive for any cell to function properly? | cell membrane, organelles, cytoplasm |
| what is required in order to classify something as alive? | genetic material (DNA or RNA), metabolize nutrients on its own, and reproduce (duplicate/divide chromosomes) |
Created by:
adelyngarst