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Hormones
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine function | releasing of hormones for communication |
| Hypothalamus | Main control center |
| Pituitary gland | Production of hormones |
| Pineal Gland | Sleep, wake, circadian rhythms |
| Parathyroid | Blood (Calcium) |
| Thyroid | Metabolism |
| Thymus | Immune system |
| Adrenal | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Pancreas | Blood sugar control |
| Ovaries | Estrogen |
| Testes | Testosterone and sperm |
| Hormones | Amino acid based travel through the blood and Steroids (lipid) which need carriers cholesterol which make up test and estrogen |
| Autocrine | Short distance or messages within the cell |
| Paracrine | near distance or cell to cell |
| Phermones | Organism to organism (apocrine sweat gland and mothers secreting pheromones in breast milk). |
| Mechanisms of hormone action on target cells | 1. Alter plasma membrane (permeability), stimulate the syn of proteins thru ribosomes, activate./deactivate enzymes, induce secretory activity, stimulate meiosis, water soluble - membrane and lipid - intracellular |
| Target cells | Needs specific receptors, target cell activation depends on three factors - 1. blood levels or hormones (concentration), 2. number of receptors, 3. affinity of binding |
| Hormone control | Regulatory mechanisms |
| Circulate blood either free or bound | concentration: rate of release (more if quicker) and speed of inactivation + removal from body |
| Removal | Degrading enzymes, kidneys in the blood which is how a pregnancy test works, liver filters and breaks down, and half life. |
| Interaction | Permissiveness (permission to act: stimulation/releasing), synergism (working together progesterone estrogen), antagonism: inhibiting |
| Control of release | Nervous system, negative feedback, and its lightly regulated this way. |
| Developmental fetal | All three germ layer + endocrine disruptors |
| Adulthood | Ovaries overtime decrease responding to estrogen (menopause), testosterone also decreases (doesn’t effects till post 75), growth hormones also declines because epiphyseal plate closes, thyroid and metabolism slows down. |
| Pituitary Dwarfism (GH) | Not genetic, doesn’t make hormones, normal proportions not large, under 3 ft usually. |
| Psychosocial Dwarfism (GH) | Stop growing due to severe abuse/neglect, evolutionary, less food, less nutrients and greater chance of survival |
| Acromegaly (GH) | Produce an excess amount of GH AFTER growth plate closes, feet, hands, and jaw will remain to grow |
| Giantism (GH) | In Childhood, growth plate is open, body doesn’t stop growing. |
| Prolactinoma (PRL) | Tumor that causes an excess in production of prolactin, breast milk produced - Pituitary |
| Diabetes insipidus (ADH) | Water regulation, very thirsty and have to pee. |
| Goiter (Thyroid ) | Extreme swelling causes a bulge, must have iodine which throws off the production of T4, iodized salt |
| Hyperthyroidism | Speeds up, increases metabolism, eye bulge out |
| Hypothyroidism | Gains wight, no energy |
| Cushings (Corticosteroids) | Blood pressure, muscles, Sodium and Water retention, buffalo hump |
| Insomnia (melatonin ) | Can’t sleep due to a decrease in production of melatonin |
| SAD (seasonal affective disorder) | Cold/no sun -> vitamin D -> lack of melatonin production, also known as seasonal depression, |
| Diabetes (insulin) | Type 1: pancreas, inherited, doesn’t produce insulin, called child onset Type 2: Related to obesity, regulated eight exercise and diet |
| PCOS | Estrogen and PH, impacts ovaries and causes cysts on ovaries which causes pain, fertility issues, facial hair, and increase production of test |
| Hirutism | Excessive testosterone, hair everywhere aggressive tendencies |
| Testicular torsion | Testicles hang into scrotum and the vas deference is twisted, cuff of blood supply, pain + swelling -> death of testicles m surgically removed testicle and impacts testosterone production. |
Created by:
nuhaSalim