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bio dna replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dna polymerase | Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| promoter | specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription |
| rna polymerase | Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription |
| primer | An already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis. (replication) |
| telomeres | Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome |
| DNA replication steps | 1) Helicase unwinds DNA 2) Primase tells DNA polymerase to start replication 3) DNA polymerase makes leading strand in 5' to 3' lagging strand is made by primase making short pieces + DNA polymerase extending to make Okazaki fragments joined by ligase |
| 3 steps of transcription | 1) initiate: RNA polymerase binds to the gene's promoter. 2) elongation: read from 3 to 5, and RNA polymerase adds nucleotides. 3) termination: sequence tells RNA polymerase to stop |
| 5' and 3' cap | protect the mRNA from getting destroyed on the way out |
| intron | sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
| extron | Expressed sequence of the DNA strand that codes for a protein. |
| snRNP | RNA-protein complex that removes introns and splices exons together |
| consensus sequence | next to introns and tell the snRNP where to bind |
| spliceosome | A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. |
| RNA splicing | consensus sequences on either side of the introns signal where to start/stop splicing, snRNP attaches to consensus sequence then pull together, make a spliceosome and remove it |
| codon | a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule |
| point mutation | single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| silent mutations | have no effect on the amino acid produced by a codon because of redundancy in the genetic code |
| missense mutations | substitutions that change one amino acid to another one so you get the wrong amino acid |
| nonsense mutation | premature stop codon |
| frameshift mutation | insertions/deletions of 1 or more nucleotides |
| steps of translation | 1)start codon 2) elongation 3) termination at stop codon 4) protein release |
| proteolysis | decomposition of proteins |
| glycosylation | addition of carb to proteins |
| phosphorylation | addition of a phosphate group to a protein |
| semi-conservative replication | 1 template strand and 1 new strand |
| translocation | piece of chromosome 1 gets added to chromosome 2 |
| inversion | segment of DNA breaks in two places, flips 180 degrees, and reinserts itself in the opposite orientation |
| repressible gene | a gene that is on until turned off |
| inducible gene | a gene that is off until turned on |
| activator | A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene. |
| viruses | land on cells and then inject their dna into host cells |
| lystic cycle | a virus uses a host cell to make copies of itself, 1st genes on viral DNA shut down host transcription, and the last ones tell the cell to kill itself |
| lysogenic | the viral genome replicates without destroying the host cell |
| TATA box | promoter dna sequence that tells rna polymerase where to start |
| hetero chromatin | Highly condensed portions of chromatin that are therefore unable to be read |
| euchromatin | less condensed form of chromatin that is available for transcription |
| after transcription regulation | 1) splice mRNA to express genes differently 2) microRNA binds to mRNA and kills it 3) repress mRNA translation with eubikuidon which binds to new protein, makes protein complex and gets rid of protein |
| telomerase | An enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to telomeres (the ends of chromosomes) |
Created by:
lreynal