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Developmental Psych
Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ovaries | two walnut-sized organs located deep inside her abdomen |
| Every 28 days | Ovum bursts from ovary and goes into fallopian tubes |
| corpus luteum- | spot on ovary from which ovum was released, secretes hormones that prep lining of uterus to receive a fertilized ovum. If pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum shrinks, and the lining of the uterus is discarded two weeks later with menstruation |
| testes | two glands located in the scrotum, sacs that lie just behind the penis |
| cervix | opening of the uterus |
| Only 300 to 500 | sperm reach the ovum, if one happens to be present |
| Sperm live up to | 6 days |
| The germinal period | lasts about two weeks, from fertilization and formation of the zygote until the tiny mass of cells drifts down and out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the wall of the uterus |
| Embryo | Primitive brain and spinal cord appear, organs appear, external body structures and internal organs form, and production and migration of neurons in the brain begin. The sense of touch starts to develop, and the embryo can move. |
| Fetus | Rapid increase in size begins. Nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected, touch sensitivity extends to most of the body, and new behavioral capacities appear, sex becomes evident |
| Second trimester | fetus continues to enlarge rapidly In middle of this period, mother can feel fetal movements. Most of the brain’s neurons are in place by 24 weeks Eyes are sensitive to light, and fetus reacts to sound. |
| Third | fetus has a good chance of survival if born during this time. Size increases. Lungs mature. Rapid brain development, in neural connectivity and organization, enables sensory and behavioral capacities to expand |
| embryonic disk | cells on the inside of the blastocyst |
| Trophoblast | the outer ring of cells |
| Between the seventh and ninth days | implantation occurs: The blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining |
| Amnion | membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman’s movement |
| yolk sac | produces blood cells until the developing liver, spleen, and bone marrow are mature enough to take over this function |
| As many as 30% of zygotes | do not survive first 2 weeks |
| chorion | which surrounds the amnion |
| From the chorion | tiny fingerlike villi, or blood vessels, emerge |
| By bringing the embryo’s and mother’s blood close together, | the placenta permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away. |
| umbilical cord | which first appears as a primitive body stalk and, during the course of pregnancy, grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet. The umbilical cord contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products |
| The period of the embryo lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy | During these brief six weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs |
| ectoderm | which will become the nervous system and skin, folds over to form the neural tube, or primitive spinal cord |
| mesoderm | from which will develop the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs |
| endoderm | which will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands |
| The period of the fetus, from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy, | is the longest prenatal period. During this “growth and finishing” phase, the organism increases rapidly in size |
| Prenatal development is sometimes divided into trimesters | or three equal time periods |
| A white, cheeselike substance called vernix emerges on the skin | protecting it from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. |
| White, downy hair called lanugo also appears over the entire body, | helping the vernix stick to the skin. |
| The point at which the baby can first survive, called the age of viability | occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks |
| The term teratogen refers to | any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period |
| Dose | As we discuss particular teratogens, you will see that larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects |
| Heredity | The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. Some individuals are better able than others to withstand harmful environments |
| Other negative influences | The presence of several negative factors at once, such as additional teratogens, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care, can worsen the impact of a harmful agent |
| Age | The effects of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at time of exposure |
| germinal period tetratogens | before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact |
| embryonic period is the time when | serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down |
| During the fetal period | teratogenic damage is usually minor |
| Aspirin | Some research suggests that aspirin use is linked to brain damage leading to impaired motor control, inattention, and overactivity, though other research fails to confirm these findings |
| caffeine | High doses increase the risk of low birth weight |
| Persistent intake of antidepressant medication is associated with | an elevated incidence of premature delivery, low birth weight, respiratory distress at birth, and delayed motor development, but contrary evidence exists |
| Babies born to users of cocaine, heroin, or methadone (a less addictive drug used to wean people away from heroin | for a wide variety of problems, including prematurity, low birth weight, brain abnormalities, physical defects, breathing difficulties, and death around the time of birth |
| Throughout the first year, heroin- and methadone-exposed infants are | less attentive to the environment than nonexposed babies, and their motor development is slow |
| The best known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is low birth weight | But the likelihood of other serious consequences, such as miscarriage, prematurity, cleft lip and palate, blood vessel abnormalities, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and asthma and cancer later in childhood, also increases |
| Newborns of smoking mothers are | less attentive to sounds, display more muscle tension, are more excitable when touched and visually stimulated, and more often have colic |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | distinguished by (a) slow physical growth, (b) a pattern of three facial abnormalities, and (c) brain injury, evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning |
| Partial fetal alcohol syndrome | characterized by (a) two of the three facial abnormalities just mentioned and (b) brain injury, again evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning |
| Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder | in which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. Again, prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed, is less pervasive than in FAS |
| cytomegalovirus | the most frequent prenatal infection, transmitted through respiratory or sexual contact |
| herpes simplex 2 | sexually transmitted |
| toxoplasmosis | caused by a parasite found in many animals |
| During the prenatal period, when children are growing more rapidly than at any other time, they depend totally on the mother for nutrients. | A healthy diet that results in a weight gain of 25 to 30 pounds (10 to 13.5 kilograms) helps ensure the health of mother and baby |
| the poorer the mother’s diet | the greater the loss in brain weight, especially if malnutrition occurred during the last trimester |
| Intense anxiety—especially during the first two trimesters—is associated with | higher rates of miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illnesses, colic (persistent infant crying), sleep disturbances, and irritability during the child’s first three years |
| preeclampsia | sometimes called toxemia), in which blood pressure increases sharply and the face, hands, and feet swell in the last half of pregnancy. If untreated, preeclampsia can cause convulsions in the mother and fetal death |
| Inadequate care is far more common among adolescent and low-income, ethnic minority mothers | Their infants are three times as likely to be born underweight and five times as likely to die as are babies of mothers who receive early medical attention |
| Dilation and effacement of the cervix | longest stage of labor lasting average of 12 to 14 hours with first birth and 4-6 hours with later births. Contractions of uterus gradually become frequent and powerful, causing cervix to widen and thin, forming clear channel from birth canal to vagina |
| Delivery of the baby. | stage is much shorter, lasting 50 minutes for first birth and 20 minutes in later births. Strong contractions of uterus mother feels natural urge to squeeze and push her abdominal muscles. As she does so w each contraction forces baby down and out |
| Delivery of the placenta | Labor comes to an end with a few final contractions and pushes. These cause the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus and be delivered in about 5 to 10 minutes. |
| natural, or prepared, childbirth | a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience |
| anoxia | or inadequate oxygen supply |
| breech position | turned so that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first |
| Fetal monitors | electronic instruments that track the baby’s heart rate during labor |
| cesarean delivery | a surgical birth; the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus. |
| Preterm infants | born several weeks or more before their due date. |
| Small-for-date infants | below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy |
| preterm baby | cared for in a special Plexiglas-enclosed bed called an isolette |
| Compared with full-term infants, preterm babies, especially those who are very ill at birth | are less often held close, touched, and talked to gently. At times, mothers of these infants resort to interfering pokes and verbal commands in an effort to obtain a higher level of response from the baby |
| skin-to-skin “kangaroo care” is the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies | It involves placing the infant in a vertical position between the mother’s breasts or next to the father’s chest (under the parent’s clothing) so the parent’s body functions as a human incubator |
| A reflex is a | inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. |
| Infant mortality | the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births— is an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nation’s children. |
| Neonatal mortality, | the rate of death within the first month of life, accounts for 67 percent of the infant death rate in the United States. |
| Two factors are largely responsible for neonatal mortality | The first is serious physical defects, most of which cannot be prevented. The second leading cause of neonatal mortality is low birth weight, which is largely preventable. |
| states of arousal | degrees of sleep and wakefulness |
| sudden infant death syndrome | the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation |
| visual acuity | or fineness of discrimination |
| Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale | evaluates the newborn’s reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions |
| Traditional Midwife | Homebirth, low risk pregnancies, woman centered, low rate of interventions |
| Certified Nurse Midwife | low risk pregnancies, birthing center or hospital, women centered, low rate of interventions |
| Ob/Gyn | any risk level hospital, high rate of interventions |
| Family Practitioner | Low to moderate risk hospital |
| Homebirths | mothers tend to be very focused on maternal and fetal health, higher educated |
| Doula | trained professional who provides continuous physical, emotional, and informational support to their client before, during, and after childbirth to help them achieve the healthiest, most satisfying experience possible |
| Birth Doula | support you through the birth |
| Postpartum Doula | Come to your house after birth, take care of baby, other kids, possibly even the mother |
| Death Doula | Help people make the transition from life to death |
| Midwife Model of Care- (MANA) | Based on the fact that pregnancy and birth are normal life events, the pregnant person is not sick or injured, more help and information for them |
| Moment of conception | Zygote created by sperm and egg in fallopian tube |
| Periods of prenatal development | Zygote for 2 weeks, embryo 3-8 weeks, fetus 9-12 weeks, second trimester 13-24, 25-38 third trimester |
| Germinal Period | Conception-week 2 Fertilization takes place in fallopian tube, cell divides and divides, day 5 blastocyst form, about 9th day attaches to uterine wall, inner cell mass, detaches and forms embryonic disk, |
| Embryonic Disk forms 3 layers | Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm |
| Placenta | provides nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, takes away waste products, screens many but not all harmful agents |
| Embryonic Period | Week 2- Week 8 Sensitive period (developing really quickly, vulnerable) Most of body’s systems form, Central nervous system, Heart, Limbs, Digestive tract |
| Tetratogens | Maternal diseases, Rubella, Herpes (those with herpes must have c-section),Toxoplasmosis (Undercooked red meat) |
| Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs: Tetraogens | DES + Thalidomide= Prescription |
| DES | Sneaky teratogen, reason why people do not trust medicine |
| Thalidomide | Prescribed in 1950s and 60s for nausea during pregnancy, some babies were born without arms and legs |
| Cocaine | some effects might be multi drug effects, causes damage to CNS. find microcephaly (head and brain smaller than average), find bleeding in brain, intra vascular hemorrhaging, causes uterine contractions, low gestation, low birthweight, digestive difference |
| Alcohol | Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Learning, memory, attention span, ability to communicate with other people, vision and hearing problems, combinations of these, facial differences (wide set eyes, smaller heads, ears are low) |
| Marijuana | Increased risk of high blood pressure, preeclampsia, weight gain |
| Heroin | physically addictive |
| Tobacco | damages placenta, babies are born small, early sometimes, higher risk for sudden infant death syndrome (42%), higher chance of respiratory infections, higher chance for childhood cancers including leukemia |
| E cigarettes | altered immune function, provoke an inflammatory response |
| Teratogens- Especially vulnerable during a period of | rapid development, the embryonic period is when serious defects are most likely to occur, since the foundations for all body parts are being laid down |
| Fetal period | week 8- on, period of growth and maturation, quickening occurs 16th week, quickening = people feel movement for first time, viability occurs 24 weeks, viability means significant chance the baby will live if born, term is about 40 weeks from conception, |
| Birth Stage1 | 14-16 hours, dilation (dilates to 10 cm) and effacement (thinning), transition |
| Birth Stage 2 | (1 hour), pushing (birthing person feels it is time to birth), birth, people are likely to panic |
| Birth Stage 3 | Stage 3 (15-30 minutes), delivery of the placenta |
| Breastfeeding tissue develops well into pregnancy | when pregnancy is over body breaks it down |
| Human lactation comes with | colostrum |
| Get antibodies from nursing, | do not keep them forever, are protective while they have them |
| AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for | 6 months |
| Research suggests natural age of weaning is between | 2-6 years of age |
| Breastfeeding Rates CDC 2018 | Early post partum 83%, At 6 months 58%, at 12 months 25%, New York: Exclusively through 3 months 43% Exclusively through 6 months 21% |
| Advantages of breastfeeding for women | Reduces chances of hemorrhage right after birth, Lower incidence of breast cancer.Cheaper,Ecological- Cattle are one of our biggest sources of pollution Convenient in the sense of you never run out of it Promotes bonding |
| La Leche League | Lactation group |
| Lactation issues in the US | Sexualization of breaths,Only convenient if person is with baby, if they have to be apart its very inconvenient Breastfeeding and working outside the home can be challenging Sleep issue |
| Co sleeping safety | It is safe to co sleep, beds can make it unsafe, have to make sure environment is safe |
| Co sleeping advantages | SIDS protection (exhaled breath from parent is stimulator to keep breathing, parent and baby breathing synchronized), ease of breastfeeding in early infancy babies sleep “better” (wake up a lot, is what they supposed to do) |
| Co sleeping Disadvantages | may disrupt parents sleep, may disrupt marital/ sexual relationship, |
| Babies sleeping alone- Advantages | parents may sleep better, learn to go to sleep alone, sleep more deeply |
| Babies sleeping alone Disadvantages | SIDS risk higher, harder to breastfeed, sleep more deeply |
| Is it safe to sleep with baby | No drugs or alcohol for parents, sleep only on a hard surface( no waterbeds or couches) No soft bedding, no spaces where a baby could get stuck |
| Co sleeping Issues | Solitary sleep has only been happening here for about 60 years, co sleeping is really common even in our culture, Collectivism vs individualism |
| What issues have come about bc of infant solitary sleep? | Comfort objects, nightmares/night terrors, bedtime rituals |
| Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory | Piaget(1896-1980, Began as a biologist, genetic epistemology Cognitive change- Organization and Adaptation, Assimilation, Accommodation |
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