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Genetics
Genetics, Mutations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| polymers as macromolecules | carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids |
| polymer | made by joining identical or similar molecules together |
| nucleic acids | genetic material, either DNA or RNA |
| nucleotides | make up the polymer nucleic acid |
| nucleotide make-up | sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base |
| nitrogenous bases of DNA | G, A, T, C |
| guanine | G |
| adenine | A |
| thymine | T |
| cytosine | C |
| A pairs with | T or U |
| G pairs with | C |
| DNA replication occurrence place | nucleus in eukaryotes, cytoplasm in prokaryotes |
| DNA replication steps | DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds of the DNA strand, DNA polymerase reads one strand at a time and then builds a complementary strand of nucleotides |
| DNA meaning | deoxyribose nucleic acid |
| gene | region of the DNA for a protein |
| chromosome | long strand of DNA that has many genes |
| genome | all the chromosomes within a cell |
| proteins | enzymes and catalysts that are made of amino acids |
| protein shape | determines a protein's job |
| code | a nitrogenous base |
| codon | a set of three nitrogenous bases that specifies for one amino acid |
| RNA | a short single strand of genetic information that's used to make a protein |
| uracil | U |
| mRNA creation place | nucleus in eukaryotes, cytoplasm in prokaryotes |
| transcription steps | the hydrogen bonds of the DNA strand are broken and RNA polymerase will read and create a complementary strand for a specific section to then create mRNA, which will go to a ribosome |
| parts of a gene | promoter, coding sequence, terminator |
| translation steps | ribosome receives mRNA inbetween its subunits, tRNA binds its anticodon to the codon strand of the mRNA and will attach its amino acids to other rRNA's amino acids to build a protein strand |
| mutation | change in the DNA by altering the sequence of nitrogenous bases |
| missense mutations | altering sequence means altering the protein itself, which can cause damage |
| silent mutation | altering sequence does not alter the amino acid; occurs in the redundancy of the genetic code |
| nonsense mutation | changing one of the DNA codon to a stop codon |
| insertion/deletion mutation | adding or subtracting nucleotides in a group of three |
| frameshift mutation | adding or subtracting nucleotides that is not in a group of three |
| induced mutations | mutations that are caused by outside sources like radiation or viruses |
| spontaneous mutations | mutations that are caused by DNA polymerase messing up its reading |
| vertical gene transfer | passing traits from mother to daughter cell either through mitosis or binary fission |
| horizontal gene transfer | passing traits from one microbe to another unrelated microbe |
| plasmid | a small section of DNA in bacteria that is not essential and will usually contain virulence factors |
| conjugation | when a male bacteria transfers a plasmid to the female |
| transformation | when a bacteria consumes a plasmid when floating through its environment and integrates it in its own genetic material |
| transduction | when a virus infects a bacteria, reproduces with that bacteria, and the DNA shreds of that bacteria are put in a virus body to then infect another bacteria |
Created by:
geasmith