Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Mammography
Breast Pathology
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| A complex organ with diverse tissue types which makes the breast prone to wide range of both benign and malignant conditions. Understanding this pathology is essential for diagnosing and managing conditions effectively | Breast |
| Abnormalities or irregularities in the development or structure of the breast; can be present at birth, congenital or can be developed in later life | Breast anomalies |
| Significant differences in the size or shape of the two breasts | Breast asymmetry |
| Size asymmetry Shape asymmetry Positional asymmetry | Types of Breast Asymmetry |
| Occurs when the nipple is turned inward or hidden instead of protruding outward | Inverted Nipple |
| Refers to a condition where the nipple is permanently or semipermanently turned inward, rather than protruding outward | Inverted Nipple |
| (GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION) The nipple is retracted but can be easily pulled out and often remains protruded with gentle stimulation or pulling | Grade 1 (Mild) Partial Inversion |
| (GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION) The nipple can be pulled out but tends to invert again shortly after being released. | Grade 2 Moderate Inversion |
| (GRADES OF NIPPLE INVERSION) The nipple is completely retracted and cannot be pulled out manually. | Grade 3 Severe Inversion |
| Refer to the presence of one or more additional nipples, typically along the milk line, which runs from the armpits to the groin area | Accessory nipple: Supernumerary nipples or polythelia |
| Refers to extra breast tissue that can form along the milk line | Accessory breast tissue |
| It appears in the armpits or along the sides of the chest but can also be found in the lower abdomen or groin area May appear as small lumps or tissue that feels similar to breast tissue | Accessory breast tissue |
| Are masses or growths in the breast tissue that can vary in size, texture and mobility These are the most common breast changes and can be either benign or malignant | Breast lumps |
| (COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS) These are fluid-filled sacs that can fluctuate in size with hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle | Cysts |
| (COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS) Solid, benign tumors that are typically round and firm | Fibroadenomas |
| (COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS) Condition involves lumpiness or a rope-like texture felt in the breast tissue, often accompanied by tenderness | Fibrocystic Changes |
| (COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS) Are soft, benign lumps made up of fat tissue and are usually not painful | Lipomas |
| (COMMON TYPES OF BREAST LUMPS) Usually hard, irregularly shaped and may be fixed in one place | Cancerous lumps |
| Refers to a change in the consistency or texture of breast tissue, which can feel denser or more firm than usual | Breast thickening |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) Hormonal fluctuations related to menstruation, pregnancy or menopause can lead to temporary thickening of the breast tissue | Hormonal changes |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) A common, benign condition where the breasts feel lumpy, thickened or rope-like due to fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue | Fibrocystic breast changes |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) The body undergoes many hormonal shifts that cause breast tissue to become fuller, more tender and sometimes thicker | Pregnancy and lactation |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) An infection that can cause swelling, redness, pain and localized thickening of the breast tissue | Breast infection or Mastitis |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) Benign solid tumor made up of glandular and fibrous tissue | Fibroadenomas |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) can lead to areas of thickening or hardening in the breast tissue | Breast cancer |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST THICKENING) Certain medications, including hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives, can cause breast tissue to thicken due to their effects on hormone levels | Medication side effects |
| Refers to an increase in the size or volume of the breast, which may occur suddenly or gradually This swelling can be accompanied by tenderness, discomfort, or changes in the shape or appearance of the breast | Breast swelling |
| Hormonal changes: menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause Breastfeeding: engorgement and mastitis Infection: abscess Cysts: fibrocystic changes Injury: trauma Medication: hormone therapy | COMMON CAUSE OF BREAST SWELLING |
| Refers to an area of the breast that appear sunken or have uneven texture, often resembling a skin of an orange | Dimpling: peau d’orange |
| Appearance of small indentations or puckering on the skin of the breast, which can create a dimpled or uneven surface | Dimpling: peau d’orange |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING) Rare but aggressive type of breast cancer can block the lymph vessels in the skin, causes swelling, redness and skin dimpling | Inflammatory breast cancer |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING) Non-cancerous condition where the fatty tissue in the breast is damaged | Fat necrosis |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING) Type of breast cancer that starts in the milkproducing gland | Lobular breast cancer |
| (COMMON CAUSE OF DIMPLING) Most common type of breast cancer, which usually forms a lump that can pull on the surrounding tissue and cause dimpling | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| Refers to any discomfort, redness, rash or inflammation affecting the skin of the breast | Skin irritaion |
| COMMON CAUSE OF SKIN IRRITATION | Allergic reaction Infections Skin condition Hormonal changes Breast cancer (less common) |
| Refers to discomfort or tenderness in one or both breasts It can vary in intensity, duration and cause, and may be described as sharp, burning or heaviness | Breast pain or mastalgia |
| (TYPES OF MASTALGIA) This is typically related to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle | Cyclic pain |
| (TYPES OF MASTALGIA) Bot related to menstrual cycle; hormonal imbalances, fibrocystic breast changes, infections, abscesses, injury or trauma, or musculoskeletal issue | Non-cyclic pain |
| Refers to the fluid released by one or both nipple which can occur spontaneously or when nipple is squeezed | Discharge (Also referred to as nipple discharge) |
| (TYPES OF DISCHARGE) Often associated with pregnancy, breastfeeding or hormonal changes | Clear or milky discharge |
| (TYPES OF DISCHARGE) Typically sign of infection, such as mastitis or an abscess | Yellow or green discharge |
| (TYPES OF DISCHARGE) Can be linked to conditions like benign breast tumor or rarely, breast cancer | Bloody or pink discharge |
| (TYPES OF DISCHARGE) May occur if there is old blood, often from benign condition like a cyst or ductal changes | Brown or black discharge |
| CAUSES OF DISCHARGE | Pregnancy and lactation Hormonal imbalances Breast infections Fibrocystic breast changes Ductal disorders Medications Breast cancer |
| WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE? If the discharge is _________________ (without squeezing the nipple), especially if it's ________ or _______. | spontaneous: bloody or clear |
| WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE? If it occurs in only one _________ or one _________. | breast: nipple |
| WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE? If the discharge is accompanied by other symptoms like a _______, ________ _____, or changes in the __________________ of the breast. | lump: breast pain: shape or size |
| Refers to physical alterations in the appearance of the nipple and surrounding area (areola) on the breast | Nipple retraction and areola changes |
| Refers to a condition where the nipple is pulled inward, rather than sticking out This can develop later in life and might signal an underlying health issue | Nipple retraction |
| CAUSES AND CONDITIONS LINKED TO NIPPLE RETRACTION | Aging Mammary duct ectasia Paget’s disease Carcinoma |
| (CAUSES AND CONDITIONS LINKED TO NIPPLE RETRACTION) This benign condition occurs most commonly during perimenopause and involves the milk ducts widening and thickening | Mammary duct ectasia |
| (CAUSES AND CONDITIONS LINKED TO NIPPLE RETRACTION) A rare, cancerous condition that affects the nipple and areola | Paget’s disease |
| Refers to the swelling or fluid retention in the breast tissue, causing the breasts to feel heavy, tender, or swollen | Breast edema |
| COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA | Hormonal changes Pregnancy and breastfeeding Infections Cysts Breast cancer Lymphatic obstruction |
| (COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA) Changes in hormone levels, especially during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, can cause the body to retain more fluid, leading to breast edema | Hormonal changes |
| (COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA) During pregnancy, the body undergoes several hormonal changes that can lead to fluid retention in the breast tissue. | Pregnancy and breastfeeding |
| (COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA) Mastitis | Infections |
| (COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA) Fibrocystic breast changes | Cysts |
| (COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA) Breast edema can be caused by breast cancer, particularly when the cancer obstructs lymphatic drainage or causes inflammation in the breast tissue | Breast cancer |
| (COMMON CAUSES OF BREAST EDEMA) Blockage or disruption in the lymphatic system can lead to fluid retention or edema | Lymphatic obstruction |
| Refers to the redness or inflammation of the breast skin | Erythema |
| It typically occurs when the blood vessels near the surface of the skin become dilated, causing the area to appear red or flushed | Erythema |
| COMMON CAUSES OF ERYTHEMA | Infection Inflammatory breast cancer Skin irritation Breast trauma: injury Radiation therapy Hormonal changes Systemic Inflammatory Conditions |
| These are medical devices that are surgically placed under the breast tissue or chest muscle to enhance the size, shape, or symmetry of the breast | Breast implants |
| (TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS) these implants are filled with sterile saline (salt water) | Saline implants |
| (TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS) filled with silicone gel that feels more like a natural breast tissue | Silicone Implants |
| (TYPES OF BREAST IMPLANTS) a type of silicone implant, are made with thicker, more cohesive gel that holds its shape better | Gummy Bear Implants |
| (PLACEMENT OF BREAST IMPLANTS) the implants are placed directly under the breast tissue but above the chest muscle | Subglandular |
| (PLACEMENT OF BREAST IMPLANTS) the implant is placed beneath the pectoralis major muscle , which covers the implant and provides additional layer of tissue | Submuscular |
| A surgical procedure designed to reduce the size of the breasts by removing excess fat, tissue and skin to alleviate discomfort or to achieve a breast size more proportional to the body | Reduction mammoplasty |
| Refers to the cut or surgical wound made during breast-related surgery, such as breast augmentation, breast reduction or breast lift | Post-surgical incision |
| (COMMON TYPES OF INCISION) around the areola | Periareolar incision |
| (COMMON TYPES OF INCISION) lollipop incision | Vertical incision |
| (COMMON TYPES OF INCISION) under the breast | Inframammary incision |
| (COMMON TYPES OF INCISION) T-shape | Anchor incision |
| Refer to any physical or structural changes that can occur in the breast tissue as a result of radiation therapy, which is commonly used to treat breast cancer | Radiation changes |
| These changes can occur during treatment or over time, and they vary depending on factors like the area being treated, dose of radiation, and individual responses to treatment | Radiation changes |
| COMMON RADIATION CHANGES | Skin changes Swelling and soreness Fibrosis Asymmetry Fat necrosis and oil cysts Decrease breast size Radiation-induced breast cancer |
Created by:
yulyae