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GOV Chapter 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Individualism | belief that individuals are responsible for themselves and their decisions rather than relying on government |
| Equality of Opportunity | idea that everyone should have the same chance to succeed based on effort, not guaranteed outcomes |
| Equality of Outcome (Result) | belief that everyone should end with the same results; NOT a core American value |
| Free Enterprise | economic system where individuals and businesses make decisions with minimal government interference |
| Laissez-Faire | principle that government should not regulate wages, prices, or production |
| Government Regulation | rules imposed by government to influence economic behavior; limited under free enterprise |
| Equality vs. Freedom | inherent tension where increasing equality often requires limiting individual freedom |
| Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) | health care law expanding access; debated as government interference with free enterprise |
| Rule of Law | principle that no one, including government officials, is above the law |
| Impartial Jury | unbiased group that decides court cases based solely on evidence |
| Precedent | prior court decisions used to guide future rulings |
| Transparency | openness and accountability in government actions |
| Rule of Law Index | measure comparing how well countries uphold the rule of law |
| Limited Government | idea that government power is restricted to protect individual rights |
| Natural Rights | inherent human rights that cannot be taken away by government |
| Checks and Balances | system preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful |
| Written Constitution | formal document that limits government power and defines authority |
| Federalism | division of power between national and state governments |
| Bill of Rights | first ten amendments protecting individual liberties |
| Liberty | personal freedom and protection from excessive government control |
| Order | need for rules and stability to maintain a functioning society |
| Public Policy | laws, regulations, actions, and funding priorities set by government |
| Entitlement Programs | government benefits individuals qualify for regardless of income, usually after contributions |
| Social Security | entitlement program providing retirement income based on payroll contributions |
| Medicare | entitlement health insurance program primarily for people 65 and older |
| Welfare Programs | need-based government assistance funded by taxes |
| SNAP | welfare program providing food assistance based on income |
| TANF | welfare program providing temporary cash assistance to low-income families |
| Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) | Depression-era welfare program criticized for encouraging dependency |
| Dependency Culture | criticism that welfare discourages work and self-reliance |
| Political Culture | shared values, beliefs, and norms about government in a society |
| Political Socialization | process by which individuals acquire political beliefs and values |
| Political Ideology | coherent set of political beliefs about government and policy (liberal, conservative, etc.) |
| Family | strongest factor influencing political socialization, especially party identification |
| Class | socioeconomic status shaping political views |
| Race | shared experiences influencing political attitudes |
| Education | increases political knowledge and likelihood of participation |
| Peers | influence political views through social interaction |
| Religion | shapes views on social and moral issues |
| Evangelicals | religious group among the most politically conservative |
| Catholics | voting patterns vary by ethnicity and issue emphasis |
| Muslims | religious group that strongly favors Democratic candidates |
| Civic Organizations | nonprofit groups that encourage participation and promote equality of opportunity |
| Generational Effect | impact of historical events experienced by a generation on political views |
| Life-Cycle Effect | changes in political views based on age and stage of life |
| Political Engagement | involvement in political activities such as voting and campaigning |
| Baby Boomers | generation with the highest level of political engagement |
| Globalization | increasing interconnectedness of people, economies, and countries |
| Intergovernmental Organization (IGO) | organization composed of member states that influences global policy |
| Sovereignty | authority of a state to govern itself without outside interference |
| European Union (EU) | IGO integrating economic and political policy among European states |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | IGO regulating international trade rules |
| NATO | military alliance promoting collective defense among member nations |
| Criticism of IGOs | claim that they favor certain nations or undermine national sovereignty |
| Outsourcing | moving jobs or production to other countries to reduce costs |
| Domestic Job Loss | consequence of outsourcing affecting workers at home |
| Sweatshops | workplaces with low wages and poor conditions, often linked to outsourcing |
| Environmental Standards | regulations protecting natural resources, sometimes weaker abroad |
| Relationship: Political Culture & Political Socialization | culture provides shared values while socialization transmits them to individuals |
| Relationship: Political Socialization & Ideology | socialization shapes the ideology individuals adopt |
| Why balancing values is difficult | core American values often conflict, requiring trade-offs in public policy |
| Liberty vs. Order Example | welfare programs increase equality but may limit individualism |
| Why AFDC was controversial | seen as discouraging work and contradicting free enterprise |
| Difference: Entitlement vs. Welfare | entitlements are earned; welfare is need-based |
| Difference: Generational vs. Life-Cycle Effects | generation is shaped by events; life-cycle is shaped by age |
| What are the 5 core American Values? | Individualism, Equality of Opportunity, Free enterprise/laissez-faire, Rule of law, Limited government |
| What are the factors that affect political ideology? | Family, education, religion, peers, class, race, civic organizations |
Created by:
katdolan