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Who was James Cook and what did he do/discover? British Royal Navy captain and explorer (1768–1779); charted the Pacific, discovered New Zealand, mapped the Great Barrier Reef, made first European contact with Hawaii, advanced scientific exploration.
What was James Cook’s first voyage? 1768–1771; sent to Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus; explored the Pacific, discovered New Zealand, charted the Great Barrier Reef.
What was James Cook’s last voyage? 1776–1779; searched for the Northwest Passage, discovered Hawaii, explored the Pacific Northwest and Bering Sea, killed in Hawaii.
What was the purpose of early seagoing expeditions? Travel, trade, warfare, exploration, and food gathering; not science-focused.
Which civilization first sailed beyond sight of land into the Atlantic? The Greeks (900–700 B.C.).
How was Polynesia populated? By long-distance ocean voyages by Polynesians who settled islands across the Pacific.
Who was the first European to reach Hawaii and when? James Cook in 1778.
What was the Challenger Expedition? British expedition (1872–1876); first voyage devoted exclusively to marine science.
Why was the Challenger Expedition important? It disproved the idea that deep oceans had no life and produced foundational ocean science data.
What happened to Challenger Expedition data? Collections were analyzed worldwide and published in 50 volumes.
What was the U.S. Exploring Expedition? American expedition (1838–1842) led by Charles Wilkes; first major U.S. scientific ocean expedition.
What is considered the start of U.S. marine science? The United States Exploring Expedition.
Who is the father of U.S. physical oceanography? Matthew Fontaine Maury.
What is the deep ocean like? Dark, cold, high-pressure, extreme conditions.
Is there life in the deep ocean? Yes; once thought lifeless but proven otherwise.
Who was Charles Darwin? Naturalist who contributed to oceanography and developed evolutionary theory.
What expedition did Charles Darwin sail on? The H.M.S. Beagle.
When did oceanography experience a major boom? After World War II, especially in the 1950s.
Where was the first true oceanographic laboratory founded? Naples, Italy (Stazione Zoologica).
What is the Scripps Institution of Oceanography? Major ocean research institution in San Diego, founded in 1903, part of the University of California.
Who helped establish Scripps? William Ritter, with support from E.W. and Ellen Browning Scripps.
What was Scripps originally called? The Marine Biological Association of San Diego.
What is Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution? Independent ocean research institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Why was Woods Hole founded? To strengthen U.S. oceanography after falling behind post–World War I.
Why was oceanography important during World War II? Needed for tides, currents, seafloor mapping, and submarine warfare.
Which agencies increased oceanographic funding after WWII? NSF and the Office of Naval Research.
What is modern oceanographic research like? Collaborative, interdisciplinary, international, and technology-driven.
Created by: user-2023453
 

 



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