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mole. genetics ch.1

the genome

QuestionAnswer
when talking about the genome, what is included there? chromosomes, plasmids, mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA
what is a chromosome? an uninterrupted length of DNA representing many genes, and can be linear or circular
what is a gene? a sequence of DNA that encodes a single type of RNA and in protein coding genes, the RNA in turn codes for a polypeptide.
what is an allele? an alternate form of a gene
what is the genetic material of living organisms? DNA
genetic material of viruses? primarily RNA
what makes up a nucleotide? nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphates
what makes up a nucleoside? nitrogenous base and a sugar. nucleosides do not have a phosphate group.
difference between DNA and RNA? DNA has the deoxyribose sugar and is double-stranded, whereas RNA has the sugar ribose and is single-stranded.
what does it mean when DNA is right handed, antiparallel double helix? when it comes to DNA being antiparallel, the two strands in the double helix are running in opposite directions. the helix spirals in an axis in the direction to the right.
what enzyme is responsible for DNA replication? DNA polymerase
what enzyme is responsible for transcription? RNA polymerase
what enzyme is responsible for translation? aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and peptidyl transferase
which DNA base pairs are the strongest? cytosine and guanine - have a higher melting point
what are the different types of mutations? point mutation, null mutation, silent mutation, missense mutation, and nonsense mutation
how do the different mutations affect DNA? point mutations can cause silent (no effect), missense (change in amino acid), or nonsense (creation of stop codon). null mutations eliminate gene function and can be lethal or no effect.
what are the molecular reasons behind ABO blood groups? each blood type has an antigen and has an enzyme that adds a sugar to the antigen on the surface of RBCs, while type O blood lacks the enzyme therefore does not have a sugar added to the antigen.
what is recombination? the exchange of corresponding segments between homologs during prophase I of meiosis
what is the genetic code? rules by which the DNA of all living organisms gets transcribed into mRNA, then translated by ribosomes into amino acids and turned into polypeptides.
what is a reading frame? method of dividing a DNA/RNA sequence into consecutive triplets (codons) that determines amino acids in polypeptides/proteins
what is a coding region? portion of DNA or RNA composed of exons, that get translated into a protein
Created by: angievelasco
 

 



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