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Fungi & Plants
BI102 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fungi | Heterotrophs that feed by absorption Diverse lifestyles; decomposers (saprotrophs), parasites, or mutualistic symbionts Break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients |
| Absorptive nutrition | Fungi are heterotrophs but don't ingest food Secrete exoenzymes which breakdown complex molec Absorb resulting smaller compounds |
| Mycelia | Networks of branched hyphae (filaments) adapted for absorption Hyphal cell walls made of chitin |
| Septate fungi | Hyphae divided into cells by septa, with pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of materials |
| Coenocytic fungi | Lack septa, continuous cytoplasm w/ many nuclei |
| Haustoria | allow penetration of host tissue |
| Sexual reproduction of fungi | Mycelium -> Plasmogamy -> Heterokaryotic stage -> Karyogamy -> Meiosis -> Germination -> back to Mycelium |
| Asexual reproduction of fungi | Mycelium -> spore producing structures -> Germination |
| Sexual reproduction of fungi | initiation: pheromone from hyphae of 2 genetically distinct mycelia of the same species Plasmogamy (cell fusion), heterokaryotic stage, karyogamy (nuclear fission), diploid phase -> meiosis |
| Asexual reproduction of fungi | Mold: fruit, bread, etc. Yeasts Reproduce by simple cell division |
| Animal and fungi sister kingdoms | Animal and fungi diverted from a common ancestor; unicellular and flagellated |
| Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians | Live inside other cells; many fungi in this clade are parasites Cryptomycete - parasitizing a host Microsporidians - honeybee colony collapse disorder |
| Chytrids | Have a unique flagellated spores (zoospores) Found in freshwater an terrestrial habitats (aquatic); decomposers or parasitic |
| Zoopagomycetes and Mucoromycetes | Fruiting structure from sex-repro called zygosporangium Include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts Some can prod. behavioral changes in insects they parasitize ex. Zombie ant fungus and black bread mold |
| Ascomycetes | Spores in 8's Defined by prod of sexual spores in saclike asci (usually contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps Both reproductions |
| Basidiomycetes | Spores in 4's (clublike structure - basidium) Include mushroom and shelf fungi |
| Mold | Rapidly growing asexually fungus Mycelia of these fungi grow as saprobes or parasites Applies properly only to the asexual stage that prod asexual spores Later, the same fungus may reproduce sexually, prod zygosporangia, ascocarps, or basidiocarps |
| Yeast | Unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats Some yeast repro sexually, forming asci or basidia but others have no known sexual stage (imperfect fungi) |
| Lichens | Symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mass of fungal hyphae Fungal component most often an ascomycete Algae or cyanobacteria Occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface |
| Mycorrhizae | Mutualistic Increase the length of plant roots, to allow for more more absorption, in return get sugars from plants |
| Fungus-animal symbiosis | Some fungi share their digestive services with animals Helping break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals Fungal gardens of leaf-cutter ants |
| Fungi | About 30% of known fungal species Are parasites, mostly on or in plants Animals and humans less susceptible to parasitic fungi than plants Mycosis: ascomycete infection Ringworm / athlete’s foot |
| Fungi | Mycorrhizae aid in agricultural prod Humans eat many fungi - mushrooms, etc. Yeast: used in making bread & beer Molecular biology Antibiotic production |
| Conidia | asexual, non-motile, and usually haploid fungal spores produced externally—often in chains—on specialized hyphae called conidiophore |
| Charophytes | Closest relatives of land plants Comparisons of nuclear & chloroplast genomes Many characteristics of land plants are also in a variety of algal clades Multicellular, photosynthetic Cellulose cell walls Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll A&B |
| 4 key traits land plants share with charophyceans | -Rosette cellulose syn complexes in meme (linear in non-charophycean algae) -Peroxisome enzymes; improv photosyn efficiency in dry conditions -Struct of flagellate sprm -Form of phragmoplast: alignment of cytoskeletal elem & vesicles during cytokinesis |
| Origin of land plants | Fossil evidence: plants were on land at least 475 mya Many charophytes inhabit shallow water– sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out Benefits; unfiltered sunlight, abundant CO2 and minerals in soil, few herbivores + pathogens (initially) |
| Derived traits of land plants (not shared with charophytes) | 1. apical meristems 2. alternation of generations 3. walled spores produced in sporangia 4. multicellular gametangia 5. multicellular dependent embryos |
| Apical meristems | Localized regions of cell division Tips of shoots / roots |
| Alternation of generations | 2 multicellular body forms alternate Gametophyte (haploid): produces gametes (egg & sperm) by mitosis Sporophyte (diploid): produces spores by meiosis Possess sporangia |
| Walled spores produced in sporangia | Sporanigum: multicellular organ found on sporophyte Sporocytes (within sporangia) produce haploid spores Spore: reproductive cell; devel. into new organism w/o fusing w/ another cell Spores grow into gametophytes |
| Multicellular gametangia | Gametangia: organs that produce gametes Archegonium (female): produces egg Antheridia (male): produce sperm Fertilization / zygote devel. within archegonium |
| Multicellular dependent embryos | Zygote (embryophyte) retained in female tissues “Parent” provides nutrients via embryonic placental transfer cells |
| Derived traits of land plants (not shared with charophytes) | Cuticle - waterproof coating, prevents excessive H2O loss, protection from microbial infection Mutualistic associations w/ mycorrhizae Secondary chem compounds |
| Bryophytes | Three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) nonvascular plants Liverworts, hornworts, mosses Lack supporting/conducting tissues Gametophyte: haploid stage is dominant |
| Moss | Sphagnum, or “peat moss” –Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material (“peat”) –Stabilize atmospheric CO2 levels (important role in the Earth’s carbon cycle) |
| Vascular plants | Evolve ~420 mya Independent branching sporophytes Two types of vascular tissue, Xylem and Phloem |
| Vascular plants | 1. Life cycles w/ dominant sporophytes 2. Nutrient / H2O transport via xylem and phloem 3. Presence of roots 4. Presence of leaves 5. Sporophylls (spore-bearing leaves) / spore variation |
| Transport in xylem and phloem | Xylem –Conducts most of the water / minerals –Tracheids: dead tube-shaped cells (walls = “pipes”) –Reinforced w/ lignin Phloem –Distributes sugars, amino acids, other organic prod – Living cells - Lignin allows for taller plants |
| Presence of roots | Roots Anchor vascular plants Enable absorption of water and nutrients from the soil May have evolved from subterranean stems |
| Presence of leaves | Organs that incr SA of vascular plants Capture more solar nrg for photosyn Two types – microphylls: leaves w/ single unbranched vein – megaphylls: leaves w/ highly branched vascular system Microphylls evolved first, as outgrowths of stems |
| Sporophylls and spore variations | Sporophyll: modified leaves bearing sporangia Sori: clusters of sporangia prod by fern sporophyll Strobili: cone-like clusters of sporophyllys on plants Homosporous: prod 1 type of spore (most ferns) Heterosporous: have 2 types of spores (seed plants) |
| Seedless vascular plants | Lycophyta: Club moss, spike moss, quillworts Monilophyta: Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns |
| Lycophyta | Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts Originally 2 lineages Small herbaceous plants; giant woody trees (~40m tall) Only small lycophytes remain |
| Monilophyta | Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns and relatives • Ferns –most diverse seedless vascular plants (12,000 spp) • Whisk ferns –only vascular plant to lack true roots / leaves |
| Seedless vascular plants | First forests form by ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, & ferns during Carboniferous period Vascular tissue/roots/leaves: incr photosyn Decr CO2 lvls May have helped prod global cooling Coal (dead plant matter in Carboniferous swamp forests) |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr