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BI102 Fungi & Plants
BI102 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fungi | Heterotrophs that feed by absorption Diverse lifestyles; decomposers (saprotrophs), parasites, or mutualistic symbionts Break down organic material & recycle vital nutrients |
| Absorptive nutrition | Fungi secrete exoenzymes which breakdown complex molec Absorb resulting smaller compounds |
| Mycelia | Networks of branched hyphae (filaments) adapted for absorption Hyphal cell walls made of chitin |
| Septate fungi | Hyphae divided into cells by septa, with pores allowing cell-to-cell movement of materials Ascomycetes (sac fungi) and Basidiomycetes (club fungi) |
| Coenocytic fungi | Lack septa, continuous cytoplasm w/ many nuclei Mucoromycetes, Zoopagomycetes, and Chytrids |
| Haustoria | allow penetration of host tissue |
| Sexual reproduction of fungi | Mycelium -> Plasmogamy -> Heterokaryotic stage -> Karyogamy -> Meiosis -> Germination -> back to Mycelium |
| Asexual reproduction of fungi | Mycelium -> spore producing structures -> Germination Mold: fruit, bread, etc. Yeasts Reproduce by simple cell division |
| Ascomycete life cycle | Ascogonium (female gametangia) -> Plasmogamy (2 asci develop) -> Karyogamy -> Meiosis -> 8 dispersing ascospores -> germinate into mycelia -> ascogonium |
| Basidomycete life cycle | 2 haploid mucleia undergo plasmogamy forming dikaryotic mycelium -> dikaryotic mycelium develops into basidiocarps -> karygomany in basidia (comes from the gills) produced nuclei to undergo meiosis -> develop into basidiospore -> dispersal and germinate |
| Zoopagomycetes and Mucoromycetes life cycle | Gametangia -> Plasmogamy (zygosporangium forms with 2 nuclei) -> Karyogamy -> Meiosis (zygosporangium breaks, germinating and dispersing sporangium) -> grow into mycelia Mycelium can under asexual reproduction |
| Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians | Live inside other cells; many fungi in this clade are parasites Cryptomycete - parasitizing a host Microsporidians - honeybee colony collapse disorder |
| Chytrids | Have a unique flagellated spores (zoospores) |
| Zoopagomycetes and Mucoromycetes | Fruiting structure called zygosporangium Include fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts Some can prod behavioral changes in insects they parasitize ex. Zombie ant fungus and black bread mold |
| Ascomycetes | Spores in 8's Fruiting bodies called ascocarps Both reproductions |
| Basidiomycetes | Spores in 4's Clublike structure - basidium Include mushroom and shelf fungi |
| Mold | Rapidly growing asexually fungus Saprobes or parasites Applies properly only to the asexual stage that prod asexual spores Later, the same fungus may reproduce sexually, prod zygosporangia, ascocarps, or basidiocarps |
| Yeast | Unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats Some yeast repro sexually, forming asci or basidia but others have no known sexual stage (imperfect fungi) |
| Lichens | Symbiotic association of millions of photosyn microorgs held in a mass of fungal hyphae Most often an ascomycete Algae or cyanobacteria Occupy an inner layer below the lichen surface |
| Mycorrhizae | Mutualistic Incr length of plant roots, allowing for more absorption in return for sugars |
| Fungus-animal symbiosis | Some fungi share their digestive services with animals Helping break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals Fungal gardens of leaf-cutter ants |
| Fungi | About 30% of known fungal species Are parasites, mostly on or in plants Animals and humans less susceptible to parasitic fungi than plants Mycosis: ascomycete infection Ringworm / athlete’s foot |
| Fungi | Mycorrhizae aid in agricultural prod Humans eat many fungi - mushrooms, etc. Yeast: used in making bread & beer Molecular biology Antibiotic production |
| Conidia | asexual, non-motile, and usually haploid fungal spores produced externally—often in chains—on specialized hyphae called conidiophore |
| Charophytes | Closest relatives of land plants Comparisons of nuclear & chloroplast genomes Many characteristics of land plants are also in a variety of algal clades Multicellular, photosynthetic Cellulose cell walls Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll A&B |
| 4 key traits land plants share with charophyceans | -Rosette cellulose syn complexes in meme (linear in non-charophycean algae) -Peroxisome enzymes; improv photosyn efficiency in dry conditions -Struct of flagellate sprm -Form of phragmoplast: alignment of cytoskeletal elem & vesicles during cytokinesis |
| Origin of land plants | Fossil evidence: plants were on land at least 475 mya Many charophytes inhabit shallow water– sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out Benefits; unfiltered sunlight, abundant CO2 and minerals in soil, few herbivores + pathogens (initially) |
| Derived traits of land plants (not shared with charophytes) | 1. apical meristems 2. alternation of generations 3. walled spores produced in sporangia 4. multicellular gametangia 5. multicellular dependent embryos |
| Apical meristems | Localized regions of cell division Tips of shoots / roots |
| Alternation of generations | 2 multicellular body forms alternate Gametophyte (haploid): produces gametes (egg & sperm) by mitosis Sporophyte (diploid): produces spores by meiosis Possess sporangia |
| Walled spores produced in sporangia | Sporangium: multicellular organ found on sporophyte Sporocytes (within sporangia) produce haploid spores Spore: reproductive cell; devel into new organism w/o fusing w/ another cell Spores grow into gametophytes |
| Multicellular gametangia | Gametangia: organs that produce gametes Archegonium (female): produces egg Antheridia (male): produce sperm Fertilization / zygote devel. within archegonium |
| Multicellular dependent embryos | Zygote (embryophyte) retained in female tissues “Parent” provides nutrients via embryonic placental transfer cells |
| Derived traits of land plants (not shared with charophytes) | Cuticle - waterproof coating, prevents excessive H2O loss, protection from microbial infection Mutualistic associations w/ mycorrhizae Secondary chem compounds |
| Bryophytes | Three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) nonvascular plants Liverworts, hornworts, mosses Lack supporting/conducting tissues Gametophyte: haploid stage is dominant |
| Moss | Sphagnum, or “peat moss” –Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material (“peat”) –Stabilize atmospheric CO2 levels (important role in the Earth’s carbon cycle) |
| Vascular plants | Evolve ~420 mya Independent branching sporophytes Two types of vascular tissue, Xylem and Phloem |
| Vascular plants | 1. Life cycles w/ dominant sporophytes 2. Nutrient / H2O transport via xylem and phloem 3. Presence of roots 4. Presence of leaves 5. Sporophylls (spore-bearing leaves) / spore variation |
| Transport in xylem and phloem | Xylem –Conducts most of the water / minerals –Tracheids: dead tube-shaped cells (walls = “pipes”) –Reinforced w/ lignin Phloem –Distributes sugars, amino acids, other organic prod – Living cells - Lignin allows for taller plants |
| Presence of roots | Roots Anchor vascular plants Enable absorption of water and nutrients from the soil May have evolved from subterranean stems |
| Presence of leaves | Organs that incr SA of vascular plants Capture more solar nrg for photosyn Two types – microphylls: leaves w/ single unbranched vein – megaphylls: leaves w/ highly branched vascular system Microphylls evolved first, as outgrowths of stems |
| Sporophylls and spore variations | Sporophyll: modified leaves bearing sporangia Sori: clusters of sporangia prod by fern sporophyll Strobili: cone-like clusters of sporophyllys on plants Homosporous: prod 1 type of spore (most ferns) Heterosporous: have 2 types of spores (seed plants) |
| Seedless vascular plants | Lycophyta: Club moss, spike moss, quillworts Monilophyta: Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns |
| Lycophyta | Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts Originally 2 lineages Small herbaceous plants; giant woody trees (~40m tall) Only small lycophytes remain |
| Monilophyta | Ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns and relatives • Ferns –most diverse seedless vascular plants (12,000 spp) • Whisk ferns –only vascular plant to lack true roots / leaves |
| Seedless vascular plants | First forests form by ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, & ferns during Carboniferous period Vascular tissue/roots/leaves: incr photosyn Decr CO2 lvls May have helped prod global cooling Coal (dead plant matter in Carboniferous swamp forests) |
| Key terrestrial adaptations of seed plants | 1 Reduced gametophytes 2. Heterospory 3. Production of ovules 4. Pollen 5. The seed |
| Reduced gametophytes | Bryophytes: dominance of gametophyte gen (moss) Seedless vasc plants: dominance of sporophyte gen (fern); tiny, free-living Seed plants (pine/apple): microscopic gametophytes; develop & obtain nutrients from spores w/in sporangia of parent sporophyte |
| Heterospory | Most seedless plants: homosporous Hermaphroditic gametophyte (possessing both male and female reproductive organs) All seed plants are heterosporous Megaspores - female gametophytes Microspores - male gametophyte |
| Production of ovules | Retention of megaspore within parental sporophyte unique to seed plants Integument (sporophyte tissue): protect megasporangium Ovule develops into female gametophyte & protects integuments Megasporangium and megaspore |
| Pollen and Production of Sperm | Microspores develop into pollen grains Contain the male gametophytes of plants Sporopollenin coat Dispersed by air or animals (no water) Pollination: transfer of pollen to the ovules |
| Fertilization: germination | Pollen grain enters micropyle Develops pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte w/in ovule |
| Seed | Upon fertilization, zygote develops into sporophyte embryo Ovule develops into a seed Contains embryo and its food supply, protected by seed coat (derived from integument) Wide dispersal of offspring Can remain dormant for long periods |
| Gymnosperm life cycle | Sporophyte -> Pollen + ovule cones -> pollen and ovule -> microsporangia + megasporangia -> meiosis -> surviving megaspore (gametophye) -> down pollen tube, fertilization -> new sporophyte |
| Gymnosperm | ~360 mya favored by warm climate, replaced lycophytes, ferns, etc. Many conifers– cone-bearing trees; including pine, fir, & redwood Four phyla alive today –Cycadophyta –Gingkophyta –Gnetophyta –Coniferophyta |
| Angiosperms | Arose 140-100 MYA (late Mesozoic) Most widespread and diverse of all plants (90% of all today’s plants) Flowering plants Prod reproductive structures called “flowers” on modified branches |
| flower | Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual repro Specialized shoot w/ modified leaves Sepals enclose the flower Petals: brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens (male sporophylls): prod pollen Carpels (female sporophylls): prod ovules |
| sepals | enclose the flower |
| petals | brightly colored and attract pollinators |
| stamens | (male sporophylls): produce pollen |
| carpels | (female sporophylls): produce ovules |
| Fruit | Typically consists of mature ovary Ovules inside becomes seeds Fruit protects seeds; aids in dispersal Winged seeds Burrs Edible; dispersed via animals Develops after pollination Ovary wall: pericarp |
| Bryophyte life cycle | Gametophyte -> antheridia (sperm) and archegonia (egg) -> fertilization in archegonium) -> zygote --> sporophyte -> meiosis -> sporangium -> spores -> buds -> gametophyte |
| Aggregate fruits | come from multiple carpels in one flower Ex- strawberry |
| Multiple fruits | come from more than one flower Ex- pineapple |
| Angiosperm life cycle | Sporophyte -> carpel (megasporophyll), stamen (microsporophyll) -> micro and megasporangium w/ pollen grain or ovule -> meiosis -> fertilization -> endosperm -> germinating seeds |
| Endosperm (3n) | Specialized, post-fertilization process in angiosperms where a triploid (3n) nucleus, formed by double fertilization, creates nutrient-rich tissue to nourish embryo 1 sperm fert egg, while other sperm c fuses w/ two polar nuclei in the central cell |
| Monocots | One cotyledon (first leaves) Parallel veins Scattered vascular tissue No main root 1 opening in pollen grain Floral organs in multiples of 3 |
| Eudicot | Two cotyledons (first leaves) Netlike veins Ring arranged vascular tissue Main root Pollen grain with three openings Floral organs in multiples of four or five |
| Humans depend on seed plants for | Food, wood, medicine, free ecological services (like O2, CO2, climates, flood control) |
| Destruction of habitat | Humans are causing extinction of many plant species and the animal species they support 25-100 years left for rainforests at current rate of deforestation 50% of all species will be extinct in 100 years at current rates |
| Tracheophytes | Ancestor of plants w/ vascular tissue Include monilophytes, lycophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| Life cycle: Dominant sporophyte | Gametophyte -> antheridium (sperm) + archegonium (egg) -> fertilization -> egg -> sporophyte -> sporangium -> meiosis -> spores -> gametophyte Know for monilophytes and lycophytes |
| septate vs coenocytic fungi | Septate fungi have hyphae divided by cross-walls into distinct uninucleate c, allow for compartmentalization & higher struct complexity (Asco & Basidio) Coenocytic fungi r cont' multinucleated tubes lacking int division allow rapid nut transport&growth |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr