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Horse Sci Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define breed | group of horses with common ancestry that breed true with common characteristics such as color, conformation, function |
| what are the three classes of horses | light, draft, pony OR warmblood, coldblood, pony |
| what are the 9 body systems of the horse | skeletal, muscular, digestive, urinary, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, reproductive, endocrine |
| a union of 2 bones is called a what | articulation or joint |
| what 3 structures provide stability to the joint | ligaments, tendons, and a tough, fibrous bone capsule (periosteum) |
| what are the 4 types of bones | long, short, flat, and irregular |
| where are long bones found and what do they do | in the limbs, act as levers of propulsion |
| where are short bones found and what do they do | occur in knee and hock, aid in dissipation of concussion |
| where are flat bones found and what do they do | ribs, scapula, and skull; enclose vital organ cavities |
| where are irregular bones found | unpaired bones, such as vertebrae and some skull bones |
| what is the periosteum | a thin tough adherent membrane that protects the bone and influences growth |
| what is exostosis | an abnormal bony growth at the point of an injury caused by injury to the periosteum |
| what are the 3 kinds of muscles | smooth/involuntary, cardiac/involuntary striated, skeletal/striated |
| where is smooth muscle found | digestive system and uterus |
| what is the alternative name for smooth muscle | visceral muscle |
| describe skeletal muscle | usually attached to bone, move the body voluntarily using the mind, arranged in opposing sets |
| what does an extensor muscle do | extends a joint and brings bones into alignment |
| what does a flexor muscle do | flexs and bends the joint |
| what are the 8 parts of the digestive system | mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum |
| what kind of stomach do horses have | simple stomach PLUS cecum |
| what does the cecum do | allows digestion of roughage |
| what percent of the digestive tract is the cecum and colon | 65% |
| what happens if large amounts of concentrates reach the cecum | they quickly ferment producing excessive gas or lactic acid and cause colic or founder |
| what is the pharnyx | a short muscular tube between the mouth and the esophagus |
| what are characteristics of the esophagus | runs down the left side of the neck, enters the stomach through an oblique angle making regurgitation impossible |
| how is a horse's stomach shaped | like a U |
| how is food entering the stomach arranged | in layers |
| where is the small intestine in the body | near the left flank |
| how is the small intestine held in place | by a fan-shaped membrane |
| where is the cecum at in a horse | high in the right flank to the esophagus |
| where does absorption of nutrients start | in the large colon |
| what does the small colon do | it turns food into solid waste and removes water and nutrients |
| what are the parts of the large intestine in order | cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum, and anus |
| what is a gait | a horse's way of going |
| what is a beat | the time when a foot or two feet simultaneously strike the ground - may or may not be evenly spaced |
| what is a step | distance between imprints of the two front legs or two back legs |
| what is a stride | the distance between successive imprints of the same foot |
| a long forearm in a horse means what kind of stride | a long stride |
| sloping shoulders and pasterns are desirable/undesirable and why | desirable, lead to a springy stride |
| what is the effect of a horse being calf-kneed | associated with hard concussion or pounding gait; predisposed to bone chips |
| low rounding withers are associated with | forging (striking the bottom of the front foot with the hind foot) |
| how do low rounding withers affect a horse | commonly hangs in bridle, moves its head low, and handles front feet awkwardly |
| piegon toed horses wing in/out, splay footed horses wing in/out | pigeon toed horses wing out, splay footed horses wing in |
| short steep ankles can lead to what | a stilted stride, hard concussion, and tendency to cocked ankles and unsoundness |
| wide in the front is associated with what sort of movement | rolling as the horse moves |
| a short thick bulky neck is associated with | reduced neck suppleness and rider's ability to control the horse |
| a short straight shoulder and forearm with steep pasterns can cause what | short stride and tendency to sidebones |
| buck knees can cause what | stumbling |
| forging define | striking of the under surface of the forefoot with the toe of hind foot |
| interference define | striking the supporting leg usually at the fetlock with the striding leg, can be front or rear legs, results in open wound |
| brushing define | interference without an open wound |
| paddling define | winging outward - caused by pigeon toed or being too narrow at the base |
| winding define | "cat walking" - wide chested horses tend to walk in this manner |
| scalping define | hind foot toe hits above or at the line of hair of breaking over forefoot |
| speedy cutting define | trotters or pacers that hit the hind leg against the area of the pasterns and fetlock, gets higher up as speed increases |
| cross firing define | inside of fore and hind foot strike each other in the air |
| pointing define | extension more than flexion in the stride, reaching out in front too much, can be used to diagnose navicular |
| dwelling define | pause in flight of foot |
| trappy define | short quick choppy stride |
| pounding define | heavy contact with ground, usually a high laboring stride |
| rolling define | excessive side to side shoulder motion - being too narrow or wide at the base can cause this |
Created by:
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