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History
Chapter 5,life in death in medieval times,norman England.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When the vikings started settling in Ireland,where else did they settle? | They also would settle in northwest France wheee they weee also known as Norseman,the area became known as Normandy and normals lived there, |
| Who rules normandy | Normandy was rules by dukes and it became one of the most powerful regions in Medival France, |
| What did Edward the confessor king of England dying in 1066 cause | Since he died without a heir,William,the Duke of Normandy claimed the English frowned,this was rejected by the English nobles,led by Harold the earl of Hereford William invaded England and defeated him at the battle of Hastings, |
| What was William known as after the battle of Hastings. | He became the king of England and was known as William the conquerer,he and his successors spent the next century establish their control over England and Wales, |
| Wheee is the story of the Norman conquest told? | The baeyux tapestry |
| By 1200,name four places the Normans conquered | England,Ireland,France,Italy |
| What is feudalism? | The system of land ownership where rulers divided land among their followers in return for loyalty and taxes, |
| What were the followed known as? | Nobles or vassals,they were given a land called a fief and swore a oath of fealty to the king promising to fight for him,provide him troops,pay him taxes, |
| Who were under the nobles | Knights,nobles then gave some of their land to these said knights who swore to be loyal and fight for them in return,the knights the. Looked after the peasants. |
| Wheee under the knights? | Peasants,these where people who worked on a lords land |
| What is the order of the feudalism in Medival Norman England | King,lords(vassals to king),knights (vassals to lords) peasents(also known as serfs.) |
| What would a lord do in order to take control of his new land quickly? | A lord would build a temporary castle called a motte and Bailey |
| What was a motte | A small artificial hill with a wooden tower or keep at the top, |
| What was a Bailey in motte and Bailey | Below the hill,was the Bailey which was a large enclosed area where the soilders lived. This was surrounded by high wooden fencers and a ditch or moor. |
| Once a lord had control of an area what would he do next? And why! | A lord would build a permanent stone castle for defense against attacks,and would help him dun rhe land given to him by the king. |
| In a stone castle explain what a curtain wall,and keep was | Curtain walls enclosed the castle and protected those inside. The keep was the main building inside the walls,it held lords apartments the great hall and a chapel,the windows were narrow to keep in heat+ defense easier |
| In a stone castle explain what dungeons,battlements where | Below the keep were the dungeons,used to keep stored food cool and hold prisoners,Battlements ran along the top of keep and the walls,soldiers would patrol along them day and night,towers / turrets were built into the walls at regular intervals, at corner |
| What was an enclosed area around the keep known as in. Stone castle? | This was known as a Bailey,here stables,workshops,kitchen,well for water and soilders lodgings were situated,if the castle was under attack,animals and people from surrounding area could be brought inside for their protection. |
| Explain the gatehouse in a stone castle? | In the gatehouse the drawbridge,and the portcullis were found, |
| Explain a drawbridge | the drawbridge could be lowered to control entry to the castle it was raised at night and if castle was under attack. |
| Explain a portcullis | Metal grind that could be lowered over the gate if necessary |
| What was the stone castle surrounded by | A deep ditch filled with water known as a moot. |
| Why was a castle good at defending a lords land? | Their high walls + goated soilders and knights made them a difficult target,even if the attacking army surrounded the castle and waited for siege,the castle could survive for long if it had enough food stores and a well. |
| What could defenders in the castle do to attackers? | They could fire arrows from the walls through the thin windows,pour boiling water or oil down on the attackers, |
| What tactics could a attacker use to try breach a castles walls | Catalpults,siege towers, if these failed attackers would tunnel under castles walls to undermine them |
| In 1400s, why would castles become easier to break into? | Ginoowder was brought to Europe from china in the 1400s,and the canon was invented,this meant a castles walls could be easily and wuickly destroyed and they were no longer key to war fare, |
| How was a marriage arranged between nobles | Marriages where often arranged,a dowry was paied to the groom often to seal an alliance |
| What was the lady’s main duty | To bear children as heirs, |
| Where did the family live? | Upstairs in the keep,near the chapel and a solar. |
| What was a solar? | A warm,sunny room,here the lady would weave,teach kids,or play music, |
| What was the lady’s duties also? | To run the household,instructing servants,supervising the storage and prep of food,acting for her husband when he was away, |
| What were the lords duties | To maintain order in his lands,act as a judge,train soilders, in his leisure time he was hunting or hawking and held tournaments featuring mock battles and jousting contests |
| What was a dowry | A sum of money or land. |
| What was a tournament | Events for knights. |
| Where were feasts held? | In the great hall which had big fireplaces and tapestries on walls, |
| What was served at royal feasts. | Beef,pork,mutton,duck,deer,pheasant,or rabbit were served,either farm an aimless or what the lord caught while hunting,without refrigeration meat could not be kept fresh for long |
| What did people do to meat? | They salted,smoked,or dried meat and fish and used herbs and spices to vary the strong flavour, |
| Why were spices very expensive | They were expensive because they had to be transported from Asia, |
| What did people eat from in these times! | Instead of plates people often ate from large pieces of hard bread called trenchers,they didn’t own forks either as they weren’t invented yet. |
| What provided entertainment at these meals? | Minstrels (musicians) and jesters (comic performers) provided entermanint. |
| What did men wear in Medival times Norman England | Men wore long tunics and rousers of fine wool or linen, |
| What did women wear? | women wore full length dresses,clothing That was embroidered or dyed in vivid colours showed of the wearers wealth,richest nobles had silk brought from Asia |
| Name two ways a lord could display his wealth | Through the spices he used as spices where expensive,the stronger the flavour of spices were could show off his wealth But expensive silk for his wife to wear and so when she wore it people would be like ‘wow her husband must be rich’ |
| What was the Norman army that conquered England made up of? | Three types of soldiers Foot soilders Archers Knights |
| Explain the term foot solider | Foot soilders made up the largest part of any Medival army,they fought with swords,daggers and had shields and leather padded jackets for protection,they were peasants who returned to fields when the battle or war was over. |
| Explain the term archer | ,Norma archers in England were considered the best in Europe and gave their lords advantage in battles. |
| Explain the term knights | Knights were minor nobles,fought on horseback and swore oath of chivalry, |
| Where knights plentiful? | Not really,they weee only a few hundred knights in the Norman army,but they proved to be desvive in winning the battle of Hastings in 1066 |
| How could a man become a knight | If a foot soldier showed exceptional bravery on battlefield he could be knighted by a lord, however this was very rare,the rest of the knights went through a three stage process followed by sons of nobles. |
| What were the stages of becoming a knight | Page, Squire Knight. |
| Explain what happened at stage 1,page, | At the age of seven a boy is sent to live with family of another lord,this is known as fostering,here he learns to ride a horse,use a sword,sing,dance,he was taught manners,helped the lady of the castle and served the lord and lady at the table. |
| Explain what happened at stage 2, squire. | At 14, the boy started to learn how to fight on horseback,he would accompany the lord into battle,look after his horse and weapons and help the lord dress for battle and tournaments |
| Explain what happens at stage 3, knight | At the age of 21, he spent the night before the ceremony in prayer in the chapel,then dressed in a white robe,full armour,he took part in the ceremony of dubbing,swore a oath of chivalry and the lord touched him on the shoulders with a sword |
| What is the oath of chivalry | Oath of chivalry is a oath to stay loyal to his lord,protect the poor and weak and be brave in battle. |
| What happens to the knight after the ceremony of dubbing | The lord would give a manor to the knight to manage when he wasn’t fighting in real wars and battles,the knight would take part in tournaments often, |
| What would happen at a tournament physically (like how did they fight) | Two knights on horseback rode straight at warhorse and each tried to knock his rival off his horse using a lance. |
| What did knights wear | wore full body armour,chainmail,shield and a helmet for protection,used lances,swords,and maces in battle. |
| What did archers wear and fight with | Archers fought with bows or arrows,or sometimes a longbow or crossbow,they wore little protective clothing |
| Where did peasents in the countryside live? | Villages known as manors owned by a lord or knight,each manor was small and made up of about 50 houses for peasents,and there was also a church of the local priest. |
| Where did the lord or knight of the manor live. | A Manor House which was larger than the peasents obviously, |
| What were some common things in a manor | A manor usually had a mill for grinding wheat to make bread,a blacksmiths forge to make tools and weapons and a house for the bailiff, |
| What was a baliff | The man who ran the manor in the lord or knights absence,he was responsible for collecting taxes and keeping law and order in village. |
| What where the countryside peasents allowed and not allowed to do In the surrounding woodland? | They were allowed to collect wood to build homes and make fires,but they weren’t allowed to hunt Thr animals in the forest,only the lord was allowed to hunt in the forests. |
| What punishments could a Medival peasent face if they disobeyed these rules | Harsh punishments such as loosing a hand. |
| What stysgem of farming did the peasents use in a Medival manor. | They used open field system farming,the land of crops was divided into 3 large fields,each field divided into long strips of land and tended by different families,each family had strips in each of three fields. |
| What else did they do in farming related to crops? | They practiced crop rotation,the crop planted in each field changed every year,one field they planted what,second oats and barley,and third was left fallow(empty) for one year |
| Why was one field left empty each year? | so that soil could recover its nutrients and fertile for next year |
| What was the fourth large field called that wasn’t for crops | It was called the commons,it was used for grazing the animals that belonged to the peasents. |
| What where the two kinds of peasents | Freemen and serfs, Freemen has to pay rent to the lord and pay a tithe but did nor have to word on the land for free, Serfs essentially belonged to their land, |
| What was a tithe | A payment of tenth of their income to the local priest. |
| Explain what a serf did. | They worked six days a week farming the lords lands,in return reviving a small plot of land to farm and build a house on,they couldn’t leave the Manor or marry without lords permission,paid taxes to the lord and a tithe to rhe priest, |
| How could a serf become a freeman | If a serf escaped and stayed free for a year and a day,he became a freeman,although this was very challenging. |
| Describe a serfs home. | A serfs home was small,single room with wattle and daub walls,a earthen floor and a thatched roof,outside they grew veggies and kept few animals,inside was cramped dark and Smokey from fire, |
| Where were the animals kept at night | Inside for warmth and safety. |
| What did serf men wear | Men wore tunics and leggings |
| What did serf women wear | Women wore long dresses with a headscarf, both men and women’s shoes were made from leather |
| Was clothing bought or handmade | All handmade,of wool or linen and dyed using berry juice. |
| What did serfs eat? | For food,the serf family could only eat what they produced from their small plot,diet consisted of bread,cheese and a vegetable and oat soup called pottage.meat was eaten rarely possible only at Christmas and Easter. |
| What did serfs drink? | They drank ale ( a week beer made from barely) because it was safe to drink than water |
| What did a female serf do? | A female serf looked after the home,cooked and made clothes and reared children until they were old enough to work in the fields with the water. |
| When did serfs have leisure time | Only leisure time was on Sundays and various saints days,on these days after mass there was singing,dancing drinking and village games. |
| How much people did a average Medival town have | 1000 people on average,largest towns had 5,000 people, |
| Where weee Medival towns built | Many built on rivers or on the coast so that the people could make money from trade ,sometimes they were built near castles for protection and to cater to the needs of the castle |
| What did towns need to be established | They needed charters from the king,this was a contract where the town was granted freedom to run its own affairs but had to pay taxes to the king |
| Who ran a Medival town and what did they do? | A corporation and a mayor ran a town,they kept walls in good repair tried to deal with dirt and sewage,paid town guards and enforced the curfew and other laws of town, |
| What common features did each town have | High walls, Strong gates High street Market square Narrow streets Churches and cathedrals Fair green |
| Explain strong gates | Strong gates weee the only way in and out of the town,the gates were opened at dawn and closed at sundown anyone who wanted to come into the town to Conduct business especially selling goods had to pay a toll at the gates. |
| What was a toll | A tax on entry. |
| Explain the main/high street and market square. | This steeet ran from the main gates to the market square I;the middle of the town,this was the only street wide and paved with stones or wooden planks,richest people had homes here. |
| Explain narrow steets | Narrow streets ran off the Main Street and these contained houses and shops for the townspeople. |
| What type of towns would have churches or cathedrals | Usually larger towns and even more likely to have a cathedral if a bishop was based there. |
| Explain a fair geeen | This was a large market where traders from all over the country sold exotic things e,g silks and spices, aswell as tools or weapons. |
| Describe an average persons house in these towns. | The average persons home was usually made of wood,several storeys high.highest floors usually stuck out over the streets,which blocked the sun and made streets very dark, |
| What were important building in these towns built with | Important buildings such as the church or town hall,richer people’s homes weee made of stone, |
| Wheee would craftsmen have their shops and where did people poop | They had their shops on the ground floor with their family living on the floors above, houses had no toilets instead people used chamber pots. |
| Where did people grow their crops in these houses | Many houses in these towns had back gardens where people grew veggies and kept animals e,g pigs,hens, people kept dung heaps in these gardens when they threw some of their waste,especially food waste. |
| Why was fire a constant danger | Fire was a constant danger due to all the wooden buildings,this is probably why towns imposed curfews meaning people had to extinguish fires at sundown. |
| Name some reasons on why the streets where filthy | They were dirty as people emptied the contents of their chamber pots outside every morning,animals often roamed the steeets, |
| Name some reasons why disease could spread easily, | People lived very close together and life was very cramped,disease could spread easier. |
| What did craftsmen do! | Craftsmen produced the everyday goods that the town needed from food to tools to clothes e.g butchers,bakers, |
| As people could not read,what were the signs outside of a craftsmen’s shop instead | The signs weee usually drawings of what they could sell,e.g a sign for a bakers shop would have a drawing of bread. |
| What were guilds | The craftsmen of each town formed guilds,which were organisations of people who worked in the same trade, |
| Explain what guilds did | Guilds charged fee for membership,a guild set standards for the quality of members work,(fined for shitty work) set prices and wages,decided who could trade in town and cared for old and sick members,families of dead members. |
| Would girls become craftswomen | Some girls did train with their fathers to become craftswomen,although this was rare and usually girls were taught to run a household,cook and clean and married off at twelve. |
| Explain a apprentice | Having begun in his fathers workshop,a boy became an apprentice at around twelve,he lived with a master craftsman,slept in the workshop,received no pay and was treated harshly |
| Explain a journeyman | After seven years of being a apprentice, he became a journey man now he could be paid for his work and could travel to other workshops and towns for work and expiernce, |
| What would he do after journeyman | He could eventually apply to be a master craftsman,he created a masterpiece (best example of his work.) if the guild deciddd it was good enough he was accepted and could open his own workshop,train apprentices and sell work. |
| What was the common religion in Medival Norman England. | The whole of Medival Europe was entirely catholic,so much so it even influenced people’s daily lives,religion was so powerful here Europe was often called Christendom,which means the kingdom of Christ. |
| What were the two styles of cathedrals in Middle Ages | Older style,Romanesque,based on Roman architecture Gothic style,it came to England with the Norman’s. |
| Name some Romanesque features | Rounded doorways,arches and windows,fewer and smaller windows,low ceilings,large pillars,weight of the roof supported by the walls and pillars inside. |
| Name some gothic features | Pointed doorways,arches and windows,more and larger windows sometimes with stained glass,high ceilings,narrow pillars, |
| Explain a gothic style flying buttress | Weight of the roof partially supported by flying buttresses on the outside allowing for fewer pillars,higher ceilings and more windows,the use of flying buttress was one of the Norman’s innovations in architecture. |
| What was some of the local priests skills | The local priest was rare in being able to read and write,so he was often asked to help with letters or to advise people on legal problems,priests weee often appointed as secrarteis to lords and knights, |
| Why was the church so wealthy in the Middle Ages | As each peasent payed a tithe to the priest every year,most priests were wealthy they passed some of earnings to their bishops further increasing the wealth of the church. |
| Why were monasteries important in Medival life, | They were the first places to offer education to children based on ability regardless of wealth of parents,they provided help to poor and sick and offered shelter to travellers, |
| How was a Medival monastery similar to a early Christian Ireland one | They also copied books in a scriptorium,and ate in a reflectory. |
| Name some places in the Medival monastery | The church,dormitory,cloisters,chapter house,almonry,infirmary,hostel. |
| Explain who looked after the church and what a dormitory was, | The church was looked after by the sacristan,the dormitory was a large room where the monks slept |
| Explain what cloisters where and a chapter house | The cloisters were covered walkways for prayer,the monks gathered in the chapter house for readings. |
| Explain the almonry,and infirmary | In the almonry the almoner gave aid to the poor,the infirmary was where infirimian looked after the ill of the monastery and nearby community, |
| Explain the hostel | Guests and travellers could stay in the hostel,which was managed by the hosteller. |
| How could a boy become a monk | A boy who wanted to become a monk would join a monastery as a novice around 15, though they could be younger |
| What did the boy learn as a novice | he was taught to live his life according to the rule of st Benedict,the strict set of rules monks had to live by,he learned to read and write in Latin (language of the church) and would study church teachings and history |
| What would happen after the boy was a novice | After some years,if the abbot decided he was suited to become a monk,he swore his solemn vows of poverty (to not own anything.) chastity( couldn’t Marry) and obedience (follow what abbot told him) |
| What happened to the crown of a monks head | The crown of a monks head was then shaved,this was called a tonsure,and symbolised the crown of thorns worn by Jesus during crucifixion, |
| After graduating from a novice to a monk,what would he wear. | He would receive his habit to wear or known as monks garments,he was now a member of a monastic order. |
| What was the two major manastic orders a monk could join | Benedictines, Cistercians |
| What was Europe divided into | The pope in Rome was head of church and most powerful ruler in Europe,under him was dioceses run by archbishops and bishops,and then into smaller parishes run by priests, |
| What did cathedrals symbolize | The large churches bishops build known as cathedrals in their dioceses symbolized their power |
| What was the most important churman in Norman England | The Archbishop of Canterbury in London. |
| What were friars | Monks who preferred to live among the people so that they could better help them,they travelled around the countryside or set up friaries in towns. |
| What did friars spend their time doing | Friars spent their time tending to the poor and sick.yhey sway this as following the exmaple of Jesus life as told in the bible. |
| Name two popular friar orders that became popular from 1200 onwards. | Franciscans,Dominicans, |
| What was Medival medicine based on, | The writings of the ancient Greeks, |
| Was Medival medicine beliefs accurate | Their beliefs about mediocre was very far from modern medicine,e,g Hippocrates the father of medicine believe the body was made of four humours,if someone was sick it was due to an imbalance between these humours. |
| What were the four humours | Blood,black bile,yellow bile,phlegm, |
| How did they believe a imbalance between these humours if a person was sick could be treated | Bleeding: cutting the patient and drawing some blood Cupping: placing heated metal cups on the skin to draw fluids to the surface, Leeching: using leeches to draw blood or other fluids out of body |
| Explain the last way this could be treated (couldn’t fit it in bro’ | Amputation: cutting off a limb,this was done to stop infection spreading throughout body. |
| What was the other type of medience that was common | Herbal medicine was common,with mixtures of herbs given to the sick, |
| Was hygiene in Medival ages good | ,people lacked the basics of good sanitation or hygiene,even minor wounds often became infected and the person might lose a limb or even die, |
| Who received the worse end of disease and illness | Poor people as they did not have a good diet and were less able to fight off infections, |
| Name some diseases that were widespread in Medival ages | leprosy,smallpox,typhoid. |
| What was the worst disease to affect Europe in Middle Ages | The bubonic plague,there were two types of these,bubonic and pneumonic plague, |
| What was the difference between bubonic and pneumonic plague. | Bubonic plague was spread through the bites of infected fleas that reside on rodents,pneumonic plague spread through human interaction. |
| When did the bubonic plague peak | 1347-1350 |
| How much of the europes population did the bubonic plague kill and how was it passed along | 1/3 of europes population in an event known as the Black Death, the plague was carried by fleas which are though to have arrived via ships rats from the Black Sea area and to have spread along the trade network throughout Europe. |
| What were the symptoms of the plague | Oozing swellings (buboes) all over body,darkly discoloured skin,the filling of lungs with phlegm,it was extremely contagious could be contacted by sneezing,spitting or touching dead bodies, |
| As it worsened what happened to the street | As it spread quicker and worsened,bodies were left in the street to be collected,this spread it even faster. |
| What was the average time a person could survive after they got it before dying | A 70-80 per cent chance of dying within a week |
| What did doctors wear during this time. | Every inch of skin was covered by boots,breeches,gloves a mask with glass eyes,their doctors hat and a long overcoat smeared in fat or wax,in hope of reppelling infection, |
| What was a doctors beak of the mask filled with | Dried flowers,herbs,vinegar or scented oils to mask the stench of dying and the dead. |
| Why was childbirth so dangerous for women. | Women could loose a lot of blood,if there was a problem the mother and child could die,midwives could help but usually had no training beyond previous expierence of birth,death from infection soon after birth was common. |
| How did the Black Death impact Europe | The feudal system was affected Peasents could demand better treatment Failure to find a cure for this meant doctors began to question their practices. |
| Explain how the feudal system was affected | The feudal system,especalliy serfdom went into decline,as many serfs left manors and moved to towns to replace those who died. |
| Explain how peasents could demand better treatment was a impact of the black death | Peasents who remained on the land were able to demand better treatment from their lords,a reduction in taxes they passed and more land because there were fewer of them to do the work. |
| What would doctors questioning their practices lead to? | This would lead to large changes in medicine (which they obviously needed) |
| Who stripped the king of Leinster from his kingdom | In 1167, the king of Leinster dermot macmurrough was stripped of his kingdom by Rory o’Connor the high king of Ireland, |
| Whst did macmurrough do next? | He asked king Henry II for help in regaining his lands,offering to become Henry’s vassal in return,Henry allowed him to recruit soldiers from among his own Norman lands, |
| Who did macmurrough make a deal with | Macmurrough made a deal with Richard de clare(nicknames strongbow) for a Norman army,strongbow would marry macmurroughs daughter aoife and he would become king of Leinster upon macmurroughs death. |
| When did macmurrough invade Ireland | In 1169, he invaded Ireland with a force of 40 knights,500 foot soldiers,360 archers,they easily defeated the vikings Wexford,the Norman’s were successful in their military campaign |
| Why were the Norman’s successful? | Because of their use of horses and archers and their better armour and swords,battle tactics were also more coordinated than those of Viking and Irish armies they faced, |
| When was Dublin conquered | In 1170 strongbow arrived with a army of 200 knights and 1000 foot soldiers he and macmurrough combined their forces and matched to Dublin taking the city and ending Viking poerr in Ireland |
| When did mscmurrough die | In 1171 macmurrough died and strongbow became king of Leinster, |
| What did king Henry do when strongbow ruled | King Henry II feared that strongbow could become too powerful,landed in September 1171 with a force of a strong army,he wanted to establish himself as the ruler of Ireland and ensure he controlled Norman’s and the Gaelic Irish, |
| What did the Irish kings do? | The Irish kings swore allegiance to Henry as they though this might stop the Norman expansion into their territory,Henry gave himself the title of ‘lord of Ireland’ |
| What was the impact or Norman rule on Ireland | English rule introduced to Ireland,it would last for 800 years Feudal system introduced to Ireland Castles,tower houses were built Framing practices shifted English common law replaced old Gaelic Brehon law system. Norman names became common |
| Explain what it meant by the Norman’s built castle and tower houses | The Norman’s built big castles such as trim and Kilkenny, smaller castles and tower houses were also built,towns,manors,villages grew up around these bases of Norman power |
| Dxplain how farming practices shifted | Farming practices shifted from the Gaelic focus on keeping herds of cattle to hphrowing crops on manors |
| Explain how Norman names became common | Norman names became very common in Ireland,names that include ‘fitz’(meaning son of) are Norman names,as are Burke,butler,ect . |
| How did the Gaelic Irish influence the Norman’s? | Many Norman families intermarried with the families of Gaelic chieftains,the new families that emerged became known as Anglo-Irish or the old English, |
| What did the old English do | They adopted the Irish language,dressed the Gaelic Irish and followed Irish customs and laws in some cases, they became ‘more Irish than the Irish themselves’ according to an English official in Dublin, |
| What attempts were made to ban these practices among Norman nobility. | Several attempts were made to ban them among Norman nobility,such as statues of Kilkenny in 1367 |
| did the Norman’s fully conquer Ireland | They never fully conquered Ireland,Gaelic rule remained strong in the north and west of the island over the following centuries the old English lords became increasingly independent of the English king, |
| Where was direct English control limited | Direct English control was limited to an area surrounding Dublin known as the pale. |
| How is the British royal family connected to the Norman’s | When Williams rhe conquerer became king of England in 1066, he established a new ruling dynasty,all kings and queens of England since then are directly related to him,E.g Elizabeth II is 32 generations descendant from William. |
| What contributions did Norman’s make to architecture | They built stone castles which became focus of many English towns and cities,introduced Romanesque and gothic styles into church buildung,meaning that bigger buildings with higher roofs were build, |
| Give an example of a building with both gothic and Romanesque features | Christ church cathedral in Dublin. |
| What part did Norman’s play in wars and battles | The Norman knights played important parts in many wars and battles,sometimes fighting for their own lords,or sometimes hired themselves out as mercenaries, |
| What was a mercenarie | A mercenarie was a knight who fought for anyone who could pay them |
| Where did Norman lords and princes rule land | eventually Norman lords and princes would rule land across Europe and Mediterranean |
| What was the Norman’s most important military involvement | Their most important military involvements were the crusades,beginning in 1095 and ending in in 1291, the crusades were a series of invasion of the Middle East by European Christian’s to try seize control of the holy land from its Muslim rulers. |
| VRO if u get to he end of this I realised we don’t acc need to know abt macmuurough hahahahah |
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