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Dynamic Earth Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What color is ultra-mafic? | Green |
| What analogy will be used for partial melting (most likely)? | Ice Cream Analogy |
| What was Wegener's theory? | Continental Drift, Pangea |
| What was Wegener's evidence? | continents appear to fit like pieces of a puzzle, similar rocks and mountain features of the same age on multiple continents, ancient climate belts can be reconstructed on Pangea, and fossil types |
| What was the problem with Wegener's theory? | It could not be proven until new tech in WWII |
| What is seafloor spreading? | New oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and gradually moves away from the ridge |
| What is the oldest sea floor? | Trenches |
| What is the youngest sea floor? | Mid-ocean ridges |
| What is a convergent boundary? | Ocean basins close via subduction (sinking); Continent-Continent, Continent-Ocean, Ocean-Ocean |
| What is the movement for a convergent boundary? | -> <- Pushing in the same direction |
| Which convergent boundary produces tall, non-volcanic mountain ranges? | Continent-Continent |
| Which convergent boundaries produce ocean trenches? | Continent-Ocean, Ocean-Ocean |
| Which convergent boundary produces a volcanic mountain range? | Continent-Ocean, |
| Which convergent boundaries produce island arcs? | Continent-Ocean, Ocean-Ocean |
| Which convergent boundary produces earthquakes? | Continent-Continent |
| Which convergent boundaries produce volcanoes? | Continent-Ocean, Ocean-Ocean |
| What is a divergent boundary? | Rifting continents to produce new ocean basins |
| What is the movement for a divergent boundary? | <- -> Pushing in opposite directions |
| What is a feature of divergent boundaries? | Mid-ocean ridges; if on land, rift valley |
| What is a transform boundary? | Plates slide past each other |
| What is the movement for a transform boundary? | ↑ ↓ Sliding past, up and down |
| What is a feature of transform boundaries? | Off-set |
| What are the three ways plates move? | Convection, Ridge Push, and Slab Pull |
| What is convection? | Hot material rises, cools, sinks |
| What does convection look like with plates? | Cold, dense rock descends into the mantle Hot, low density rock rises |
| What is ridge push? | Mid-ocean ridge is at a higher elevation than the adjacent plain; Gravity pulls the plates apart here |
| What is slab pull? | The subducting, down going slab pulls the plate along behind it |
| Extra Credit: What is a hotspot? | Volcanoes not associated with plate interactions |
| Extra Credit: Which island is the oldest in a chain of islands? | The smallest island |
| Extra Credit: Where is the hotspot located? | The biggest island |
| Extra Credit: What direction is the plate moving in relation to the hotspot? | Start on the hotspot (biggest island) and draw an arrow to the smallest island |
| What is the lithosphere? | Both the crust AND upper mantle, tectonic plates |
| What is the thickest layer of the Earth? | Mantle |
| What does the mantle have? | Plasticity and asthenosphere |
| Which layer is made of solid iron? | Inner Core |
| Which layer is made of liquid iron? | Outer Core |
| What does the outer core have? | Earth's magnetic field |
| The mantle has the most what? | Silicate materials |
| What five things do minerals have to be? | Naturally occurring, inorganic (not living), crystalline, solid, and specific chemical composition |
| What does crystalline mean? | Atoms are arranged into a specific structure (like a cube) |
| What is a specific chemical composition? | Contains particular elements in a set ratio, described by a chemical formula |
| Which properties depend on chemical composition? | LUSTER, STREAK, COLOR, taste, effervescence, specific gravity |
| What is luster? | How a mineral reflects light; metallic vs. non-metallic |
| What is streak? | Color of a mineral when powdered |
| Is color reliable? | No |
| What property depends on crystalline structure? | HARDNESS, cleavage, fracture, crystal form, striations, fluorescence |
| What is hardness? | A measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching and abrasion |
| How do you determine hardness? | Using a material of known hardness |
| What is MOH's Hardness Scale? | Scratch test on fingernail, penny, and glass Higher minerals can scratch lower minerals, and lower minerals can’t scratch higher minerals |
| What is covalent bonding? | Atoms share electrons |
| What is Van Der Walls Bonding? | Electrons are weakly attracted by van der walls forces - think static cling |
| What is ionic bonding? | Transfer of electrons |
| What is the strongest bond? | Covalent Bonds |
| What is the weakest bond? | Van Der Walls Bonds |
| Are ionic bonds weak or strong? | Weak, but stronger than Van Der Walls |
| Is hardness related to the strength of bonds? | Yes |
| Which group of minerals is the most abundant in Earth’s crust | Silicates; SiO |
| What are is the ore for iron? | Hematite |
| What is the ore for lead? | Galena |
| How do minerals form? | Solidification of a melt, precipitation from a water solution, solid-state diffusion, biomineralization, and precipitation from a gas |
| What is solidification of a melt? | Magma and Crystallization |
| What is precipitation from a water solution? | Liquid evaporates allowing left over ions to bond with each other; concentrated solution like seawater |
| What is solid-state diffusion? | Old minerals transform into new ones |
| What is biomineralization? | Biological processes form minerals; think oyster shells |
| What is precipitation from a gas? | Sulfur precipitates from gas around volcanic vents |
| What are two examples of silicates? | Quartz and feldspars |
| What do mafic rocks contain? | Minerals with high iron and magnesium as opposed to silica |
| Are mafic rocks light or dark in color? | Dark |
| Do mafic or felsic rocks melt in the mantle? | Mafic |
| What do felsic rocks contain? | High proportion of silica as opposed to iron |
| Are felsic rocks light or dark in color? | Light |
| Do mafic or felsic rocks melt from crustal materials? | Felsic |
| Where do extrusive rocks cool? | Surface |
| Where do intrusive rocks cool? | Interior of the Earth |
| Do extrusive or intrusive rocks cool fast? | Extrusive |
| Do extrusive or intrusive rocks cool slow? | Intrsusive |
| What is the crystal size of extrusive rocks? | Small |
| What is the crystal size of intrusive rocks? | Large, visible |
| What are dikes? | Cut across rock units |
| What are sills? | Inject parallel to rock layers (think windowsills) |
| What is a volcanic neck? | A volcano where the exterior has been eroded away leaving behind a solidified conduit through which magma used to flow |
| What is a laccolith? | Intrusion starts to inject between layers but domes upward, BLISTER SHAPED |
| What is a batholith? | Large body of magma that solidified |
| Mafic rocks are found at which type of boundary? | Divergent Boundary |
| Intermediate and felsic rocks are found at which type of boundary? | Continent-Ocean Convergent Boundaries |
| What is assimilation? | As magma sits underground may INCORPORATE MATERIALS FROM THE SURROUNDING ROCKS |
| What is magma mixing? | Numerous kinds of magma mix in the same chamber |
| What is partial melting? | Removing ingredients from a magma melt, not all minerals melt at once |
| What is decompression melting? | Change in pressure at hotspots and divergent boundaries |
| What is flux melting? | Addition of water decreases the melting point at subduction zones |
| What is heat transfer? | Hotter magma melts surrounded material on way to the surface |
| What is intrusion in igneous landforms? | Magma that intrudes into other rock layers, cools, produces an intrusive igneous rock |
| What is viscosity? | Resistance to flow; thick stickiness |
| What does high viscosity do? | Magma sticks and is more explosive; slow flow |
| What does low viscosity do? | Magma flows easily; fast flow |
| High viscosity causes what kind of eruption? | Explosive |
| Low viscosity causes what kind of eruption? | Not very explosive |
| How does gas affect an eruption? | More violent eruptions; more explosive |
| Violent Eruptions have what 3 things? | High viscosity, more gas, lots of silica |
| Quiet eruptions have more or less silica? | Less silica |
| What does more silica mean? | Higher viscosity |
| What are the three types of magma? | Basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolite |
| How much silica does basaltic magma contain? | Low |
| How much silica does andesitic magma contain? | Medium |
| How much silica does rhyolite magma contain? | High |
| Low viscosity is in what type of magma? | Basaltic |
| Medium viscosity is in what type of magma? | Andesitic |
| High viscosity is in what type of magma? | Rhyolite |
| What do shield volcanoes look like? | Broad slope, no peak |
| What do cinder cone volcanoes look like? | Small, steep slopes, crater-like |
| What do stratovolcanoes look like? | Steep slopes, very big, cone-shaped |
| What are warning signs of an eruption? | Earthquakes, ground deformation, lava domes, and gasses |
| What is a pyroclastic flow? | Mix of gas and very hot air with pyroclastic debris that flows rapidly down a volcano, instant death |
| What is lahar? | Mudflows caused by volcanoes |
| What is ash? | Small, less than 2mm in diameter, glass shards |
| What affects the most people? | Ashfall |
| What does pahoe hoe lava look like? | Ropey flow |
| What does aa lava look like? | Blocky flow |
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