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B1 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute threshold | the point at which you can notice a stimuli 50% of the time |
| Accommodation | when the lens changes shape to focus near or far images on the retina or when you adjust a category to fit in new information in cognition |
| Achievement Test | a test that measures what you already learned |
| Agonists | drugs that cause neurons to fire |
| Alarm reaction | the first stage of GAS |
| Algorithm | Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems |
| Alzheimer's | too little acetylcholine |
| Amygdala | brain part that plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear |
| Antagonists | drugs that stop neurons from firing |
| Anterograde amnesia | impaired capacity for new learning |
| Antisocial Behavior | when people hurt others |
| Authoritarian Parenting | strict/bossy parenting style |
| Authoritative Parenting | firm but fair/responsive parenting style |
| Aptitude Tes | a test that measures your ability to learn something in the future |
| Automatic Processing | occurs without conscious awareness |
| Availability Heuristic | a problem solving technique using your most recent or strongest memory |
| Beck's Cognitive Therapy | gentle questioning technique intended to reveal clients' irrational thinking |
| Behavioral theory of personality | conditioning/life experiences cause personality |
| Big 5 Trait of Agreeableness | high score = helpful and trusting / low score = suspicious of others |
| Big 5 Trait of Conscientiousness | high score = careful and organized / low score = disorganized, careless, impulsive |
| Big 5 Trait of Extraversion | high score = talkative and focused on the world / low score = quiet and focused on thoughts in your mind |
| Big 5 Trait of Neuroticism | high score = emotional and anxious / low score = consistent, calm emotional state |
| Big 5 Trait of Openness | high score = willing to try new things / low score = prefers traditional way of doing things |
| Big 5 Trait Theory | you're born with high or low of each of the five traits and you'll keep them for a lifetime |
| Broca's aphasia | loss of the ability to control speech |
| Broca's area | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with controlling speech |
| Case Study | descriptive study where scientists interview one or two subjects in depth |
| Cerebellum | brain part that deals with balance and coordination |
| Chaining | connecting individual behaviors one after another |
| Classical Conditioning | a type of learning involving associations between two stimuli |
| Closure | gestalt organization pattern where we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object |
| Cochlea | where transduction occurs in ear |
| Cognitive Therapy | when the therapist asks the patient to change their thought patterns |
| Color blindness | caused by problems with cones |
| Color Constancy | we perceive the object as always being the same color |
| Cones | retinal receptors that detect color; mostly in fovea |
| Context-dependent memory | when the environment serves as a retrieval cue |
| Conservation | Piagetian idea that children realize that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its physical shape or container changes |
| Correlational study | shows a relationship between variables (not causation) |
| CR | fear of fuzzy animals |
| Crystallized Intelligence | accumulated knowledge that increases with age |
| CS | fuzzy animals |
| Defense Mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego protects the conscious mind from aggressive and sexual thoughts in the unconscious mind by unconsciously distorting reality |
| Dependent Variable | the variable the researcher measures to see if it got changed by the manipulated variable |
| difference threshold | the point at which you can notice the difference between two stimuli 50% of the time |
| Discrimination | when the learner does not react to similar stimuli |
| Displacement | defense mechanism of taking painful energy out on easy target |
| DSM-5 | clinicians diagnose disorders by using criteria listed in this manual |
| Effortful Processing | examples include rehearsal and studying |
| Ego | freudian part that always balances pleasure and conscience |
| Egocentric | Can only see things from your own perspective (the opposite of having theory of mind) |
| Encoding failure | when the information never got into your memory system |
| Exhaustion | the third stage of GAS |
| Experiment | a research study that proves a causal relationship by controlling for all other variables |
| Exposure Therapy | a counterconditioning techniques for replacing unwanted fear responses through contact with the feared stimuli; helpful for phobias |
| Fluid intelligence | quick problem solving ability that decreased in old age |
| Flynn Effect | iq test scores increased throughout the 1900's due to increased education, medical, and food access |
| Framing | the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded |
| Fraternal twins | are no more similar than other siblings |
| Frontal Lobe | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with decision making that develops until mid-20's |
| Functional fixedness | can only think of one use for an object |
| G Factor | there is just one general intelligence (Spearman) |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | the stages of the body's response to prolonged stress |
| Generalization | when the learner reacts to any similar stimuli |
| Gestalt Organization | humans are always looking at the big picture instead of individual parts |
| Hallucinations | sensory experiences without sensory stimulation |
| Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently |
| Hippocampus | brain part that deals with explicit memory |
| humanist theory of personality | quest toward self-actualization cause personality |
| Hypothalamus | brain part that controls the endocrine system / five f's |
| Id | freudian part that always goes for immediate pleasure |
| Identical twins | have very similar iq scores whether raised together or apart |
| Illusory Correlation | an imagined relationship between two variables |
| Independent Variable | the variable the researcher changes from the control to the experimental group |
| Inkblot Test | type of projective test created by Rorschach with inkblots |
| interposition | a monocular depth cue occurring when two objects are in the same line of vision and the closer object, which is fully in view, partly conceals the farther object |
| Kinesthetic sense | sense of limb position; processed in joints and muscles |
| Linear perspective | two parallel lines appear to meet together in the distance |
| Linguistic determinism (aka Linguistic relativism) | your words limit what you can think about |
| Locus of Control | the extent you feel in control of the events that influence your life |
| Long Term Memory (LTM) | unlimited in time and amount |
| Lymphocytes | cells of the immune system that kill invaders and are less abundant when stressed for long periods of time |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs | humanist idea that people are always working toward self-actualization |
| Medulla | brain stem part that controls heart rate and respiration |
| Memory Construction | when you change your memory of something by adding sensible information for missing parts |
| Misinformation Effect | when the things other people say change your memory of something |
| MMPI | empirically derived personality inventory |
| Monocular cues | all the ways that a single eye helps you see and process what you're looking at |
| Morpheme | the smallest unit of meaningful sound in a word |
| Motor Cortex | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with controlling voluntary movement |
| Motor Neurons (efferent) | neurons that send messages from the brain to the body parts |
| Nature vs nurture debate | What is the relative influence of genetics (nature) versus environment/experience (nurture) |
| Negative Correlation | type of correlation when the variables go in opposite directions |
| Negative Punishment | subtracting something to decrease a behavior |
| Negative Reinforcement | subtracting something to increase a behavior |
| Observational Learning | a type of learning involving watching others |
| Object Permanence | Babies understand that an object continues to exist even when it is hidden from their sight. |
| Occipital Lobe | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing vision |
| Operant Conditioning | a type of learning involving reinforcements and punishments for behavior choices |
| Operant behavior | Operant conditioning ends with this type of behavior |
| Opponent Process Theory | because of pairings of receptors in the retinas, when one partner in the pair is stimulated, the other is inhibited and the cell fires briefly when inhibition ends, creating an afterimage |
| Parasympathetic nervous systems | calming down after the fight or flight response |
| Parietal Lobe | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing senses of pain and touch |
| Permissive Parenting | hands-off parenting style with few rules |
| Phobia | a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation |
| Phoneme | the smallest unit of sound in a language |
| Placebo | an inert substance used for the control group |
| Pons | a brain stem part that deals with sleep and facial expression |
| Positive Correlation | type of correlation when the variables increase together |
| Positive Punishment | adding something to decrease a behavior |
| Positive Reinforcement | adding something to increase a behavior |
| primary reinforcement | being rewarded with things you naturally appreciate |
| Priming | activation of a retrieval cue |
| Proactive interference | old info blocks access to new info |
| Projection | defense mechanism of thinking someone else feels the feelings you don't like in yourself |
| Projective Test | ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics |
| Prosocial Behavior | when people help others |
| Proximity | gestalt organization pattern where we group things that are close together |
| Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory | Unconscious thoughts cause personality problems |
| Random assignment | done for experiments to ensure both groups are equitable |
| Random sampling | done for correlational studies to get a representative sample |
| Reaction Formation | defense mechanism of acting opposite of how you actually feel |
| Reciprocal Determinism | personality comes from interaction of traits, environment, behavior choices |
| Relative Size | If two objects are equal in size, one that is farther away will take up less of the field of view than the closer one |
| Reliability | when a test gives the same results every time |
| REM Sleep | the stage of sleep when you dream |
| Representativeness Heuristic | a problem solving technique using a prototype to determine category eligibility |
| Resistance | the second stage of GAS |
| Retinal Disparity | by comparing the difference between the images collected by each retina, the brain can tell how far away something is |
| Retrieval failure | an example is the tip of the tongue phenomenon |
| Retroactive interference | new info blocks access to old info |
| Retrograde amnesia | the loss of information that was acquired before the onset of amnesia |
| Robert Sternberg | he created triarchic intelligence (analytical, creative, + practical) |
| Rods | retinal receptors that process only black, white, and gray |
| Secure Attachment | In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation, babies with this type of attachment were distressed when mom left but were easily calmed and returned to play when she came back. |
| Secondary reinforcement | being rewarded with things you had to learn to appreciate |
| Self-Efficacy | a person's sense of their ability to succeed in a specific task |
| Sensory Adaptation | constant stimulation makes you stop noticing the constant stimuli |
| Sensory Cortex | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing incoming sense of pain and touch |
| Sensory Memory | includes iconic and echoic memory; limited to a few seconds |
| Sensory Neurons (afferent) | neurons that send messages from the body parts to the brain |
| Shape constancy | we perceive the object as always being the same shape |
| Shaping | teaching small steps along the way to one big complex behavior |
| Short Term Memory (STM) | limits are 20-30 seconds with 5-9 items |
| Sleep Stages | as sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases |
| Social Phobia | irrational fear of judgment |
| Sound Localization | you can tell which direction a sound came from because it hits the ear closest to it first |
| Spacing Effect | studying a little bit on different days throughout the semester leads to increased retention |
| Spontaneous recovery | when the behavior comes back after extinction |
| Statistically significant | a determination that a relationship between two or more variables is caused by something other than chance |
| Superego | freudian part that always follows conscience |
| Sympathetic nervous systems | fight or flight response |
| TAT | type of projective test with photographs |
| Temporal Lobe | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with processing hearing |
| Testing Effect | repeated quizzing leads to increased retention |
| Thalamus | a brain structure that relays information from senses to lobes |
| Theory of mind | Can see things from other people's perspectives (the opposite of Egocentric) |
| Trait Theory | you're born with certain traits and you'll keep them for a lifetime |
| Transduction | converting stimulus energy into neural impulses (cochlea for sound / retina for vision) |
| Triarchic theory of intelligence | analytical, creative, + practical |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | humanists say this is what people need in order to reach their full potential |
| UR | fear to sound of steel bars |
| US | sound of steel bars |
| Validity | when a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
| Vestibular sense | sense of balance and head position; processed in semicircular canals |
| Wernicke's Area | cerebral cortex part primarily involved with understanding speech |
| Wernicke's aphasia | loss of the ability to understand speech |
Created by:
lcurty100