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World

QuestionAnswer
Divine Right Theory The idea that kings get their power from God and are responsible only to God.
Social Contract Theory People give up some freedom to a government in exchange for protection and order.
Scientific Revolution A period of new ideas in science, math, and astronomy that changed how people viewed the world.
Enlightenment Period An era where thinkers promoted reason, logic, and individual rights over tradition.
Scientific Method Step-by-step method for experimenting, observing, and drawing conclusions.
Heliocentric Theory Idea that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the universe (Copernicus).
Monarchy Government ruled by a king or queen.
Direct Democracy Citizens vote directly on laws and decisions.
Representative Democracy Citizens elect officials to make laws and decisions for them.
Don Quixote Famous novel by Miguel de Cervantes; satirized knights and chivalry.
English Bill of Rights Law that limited the power of the monarchy and gave rights to Parliament and citizens.
Palace of Versailles Huge palace built by Louis XIV in France to show his power and control nobles.
Ieyasu Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan; centralized power.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Famous classical music composer.
Johann Sebastian Bach Famous Baroque music composer.
Eugene Delacroix French Romantic painter.
Peter the Great Russian czar who modernized Russia and centralized power
Louis XIV King of France; absolute monarch; “Sun King”; built Versailles.
Oliver Cromwell Leader of the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) in English Civil War; ruled England as a commonwealth.
King Charles I King of England; executed after the English Civil War.
Ptolemy Ancient astronomer; believed in geocentric theory (Earth-centered universe).
King Charles II Restored king of England after Cromwell’s rule.
Cavaliers Supporters of King Charles I during English Civil War.
Roundheads Supporters of Parliament during English Civil War.
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) First czar of Russia; known for cruelty and centralizing power
Catherine the Great Enlightened monarch of Russia; expanded territory and reformed government.
Elizabeth I Queen of England; strengthened England and encouraged exploration.
Thomas Hobbes Humans are naturally selfish; need strong government to maintain order.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau People are naturally good; government should follow the “general will” of the people.
René Descartes Emphasized reason and logic; “I think, therefore I am.”
Montesquieu Advocated separation of powers in government.
Voltaire Supported freedom of speech and religion.
John Locke People have natural rights to life, liberty, and property; government should protect them.
Galileo Galilei Used telescope to study planets; supported heliocentric theory.
Francis Bacon Promoted the scientific method.
Sir Isaac Newton Explained gravity and motion; invented calculus
Johannes Kepler Discovered planets move in elliptical orbits.
Nicolaus Copernicus Proposed heliocentric theory
William Harvey Discovered circulation of blood.
Main Goal of European Monarchs To centralize power and control their country completely (absolute rule).
How/Why Absolute Monarchs Began Feudal system weakened, wars caused chaos → monarchs centralized power to bring order and maintain control.
Cause of the English Civil War Conflict between King Charles I (wanted absolute power) and Parliament (wanted more say).
Result of the English Civil War Charles I executed; England briefly became a republic under Oliver Cromwell; monarchy later restored.
How Absolute Monarchs View Their Power They believed their power came from God and was total (divine right).
City Most Associated with Enlightenment Philosophies Paris, France
First Czar of Russia Who Centralized Power Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
Who Passed the Supremacy Act Henry VIII of England
Enlightened Monarch of Russia Catherine the Great
Created by: user-1848023
 

 



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