Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
EXAM 2 STUDY PREP
Abdominal Sonography II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What sonographic findings may indicate appendicitis in a child? | Free peritoneal fluid, loculated fluid in the lower abdomen, & appendicolith (all are correct) |
| The normal pediatric gallbladder should not be longer than which abdominal organ? | Kidney |
| What is the maximum CBD diameter (in mm) in older children? | 4 |
| How many hours should a 2-year-old be held NPO for a biliary examination? | 4 hours |
| What is the medical condition that can lead to liver cirrhosis in neonatal patients? | Biliary Atresia |
| Why is sonography often used as the first imaging procedure in examining symptomatic neonates and young children? | Excellent visualization of the abdomen & pelvis, doesn't expose patient to ionizing radiation or iodinated contrast media, it's portability & low cost (all are correct) |
| Mesenchymal hamartoma, adenoma, and focal nodular hyperplasia make up what percentage of benign liver tumors in children? | 50% |
| What may be a pitfall in diagnosing appendicitis? | Enlarged lymph nodes |
| The pylorus muscle connects which part of the stomach to the duodenum? | Antrum |
| What is the most common acute abdominal disorder in early childhood? | Intussesception |
| What is the outer diameter (in mm) of the appendix in children with appendicitis? | >6-7 |
| What techniques should a sonographer consider using when preparing to examine a young child? | Use age-appropriate terms, get the parent(s) involved in the procedure, maintain a cheerful attitude and help the child have fun (all are correct) |
| What is the mean portal vein diameter (in mm) in children less than 10 years old? | 8.5 |
| What are the most common causes of prolonged neonatal jaundice? | Biliary atresia, choledochal cyst, hepatitis (all are correct) |
| Hepatoblastoma is associated with which medical condition? | Precocious puberty |
| What are some sonographic "signs" associated with imaging the bowel? | Pseudokidney, Doughnut, Target (all are correct) |
| What is the most common type of choledochal cyst? | Fusiform dilation of the CBD |
| In which direction can an over-distended stomach displace the pylorus? | Posteriorly |
| Children with intussusception may exhibit what clinical signs and symptoms? | Colickly abdominal pain, vomiting, blood stolls (all are correct) |
| What is the most common malignant renal tumor found in young children? | Wilms' Tumor/nephroblastoma |
| What renal structure is thin in the neonate with an echogenicity similar or slightly greater than that of the normal liver parenchyma? | Renal Cortex |
| Renal vein thrombosis is more prevalent in infants of mothers affected by which medical condition? | Diabetes |
| Which statement about the left adrenal gland is correct? | It extends medially to the left kidney |
| What are some of the sonographic image characteristics of a neuroblastoma? | Large complex mass appearance, highly echogenic texture, intrinsic calcifications (all are correct) |
| Which neonatal conditions are associated with renal abnormalities? | Palpable abdominal mass, oliguria, hypertension (all are correct) |
| Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor of which abdominal organ? | Adrenal Gland |
| The length of a normal kidney in the pediatric patient varies with which parameter? | Age |
| What are the clinical symptoms of renal vein thrombosis in the neonate? | Renal enlargement, hematuria, proteinuria (all are correct) |
| What may occur in a neonate during a difficult delivery or during an incident of hypoxia? | Adrenal hemorrhage |
| If the kidney is absent or ectopic in location, what effects may be noted with the associated adrenal gland? | It usually remains in the renal fossa |
| What is the most common cause of renal cystic disease in the neonate? | Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MKD) |
| What structures in the neonate can be mistaken for dilated renal calyces or renal cysts? | Medullary Pyramids |
| What does Potter's Facies describe? | Facial defects associated with oligohydraminos |
| Which statements are true regarding ectopic ureteroceles? | They occur more often in females, they are found more often on the left side, they result from an ectopic insertion of the distal ureter (all are correct) |
| What are some differential diagnosis considerations for hydronephrosis? | Extrarenal sinus, functional dilation, multicystic renal disease (all are correct) |
| What is the sonographic appearance of the normal adrenal medulla in the neonate? | Echogenic stripe |
| What are the sonographic findings of adrenal hemorrhage in the neonate? | Blunting of the superior pole of the underlying kidney, ovoid enlargement of the adrenal gland, complex echo texture (all are correct) |
| What is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in the male neonate? | Posterior urethral valve (PUV) obstruction |
| What terminology describes the dilation of the urinary collecting system in the younger patient? | Hydronephrosis |
| What is the best imaging plane to use in order to demonstrate a dilated ureter at the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)? | Coronal |
| What is the normal sonographic appearance of the labrum? | Hypoechoic |
| Which of the following is a stress maneuver utilized when evaluating the infant hip? | Barlow Maneuver |
| What type of transducer is used to image the infant hip? | High frequency, linear |
| What is the most important hip ligament? | Iliofemoral |
| If the infant hip is unstable during manipulation, the femoral head will be seen ? to the acetabulum. | Posterior |
| Which of the following are risk factors for developmental displacement of the hip? | Swaddling |
| What is the passageway for CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle? | Foramen of Monro |
| What structure in the brain is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid? | Choroid Plexus |
| A true midline sagittal view of the neonatal brain should include all of the following except? | Choroid Plexus |
| What is the main imaging window in the neonatal head? | Anterior Fontanelle |
| What structures make up the brainstem? | Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata |
| What scan planes are used to routinely image the neonatal brain? | Coronal and Sagittal |
| The ? is part of the basal ganglia and is a common site for hemorrhage. | Caudothalamic Groove |
| What term is given to the inferior taping of the spinal cord? | Conus Medullaris |
| What is the most important determination in the sonographic evaluation of the neonatal spine? | The level of the tip of the conus medullaris |
| Which region of the spine do most problems occur in the neonate? | ? |
| Which term refers to a slight widening of the central spinal canal at the caudal end of the cord and is a normal variant in neonates? | Ventriculus Terminalis |
| Sonographic evaluation of the neonatal spine is possible due to? | Incomplete ossification of the posterior spinal elements in neonates |
| What term is used for a thin tract, lined with epithelium, passing from the skin to the spinal canal? | Dermal Sinus |
| True or False: The spinal cord should lay one third to one half way toward the posterior vertebrae in the spinal canal. | False |
| Which of the following findings correspond to a tethered cord diagnosis? | Low lying conus medullaris below the L2 level, Posterior position of the spinal cord, Absent spinal cord pulsations, Thickened filum terminale |
| What term is given to the inferior tapering of the spinal cord? | Conus Medullaris |
| At what level does the spinal cord terminate in a normal neonate? | L2 |
| True or False: Hemangiomas have a high association with tethered spinal cord | True |
| How many cervical vertebral columns? | 7 |
| How many thoracic vertebral columns? | 12 |
| How many lumbar vertebral columns? | 5 |
| How many sacral vertebral columns? | 5 |
| How much of the femoral head should be covered by the labrum? | 2/3 |
| Which of the following pelvic bones make up the pelvic girdle? | Ilium, Ischium, Pubis |
| Utilizing the femoral head coverage measurement, how much of the femoral head should be covered by the acetabulum? | 50% |
| Which of the following terms describes an infant hip in which the femoral head is displaced and cannot be reduced? | Dislocated |
| What vessels make up the cerebrovascular system? | Circle of Willis, Internal cerebral arteries, vertebral arteries |
| Hyperechoic areas in the floor of the ventricle would indicate ? at the caudothalamic groove. | Hemorrhage |
| The ? is a highly cellular, richly vascularized, fragile network of capillaries and is a common site for hemorrhage. In the neonatal brain. | Germinal Matrix |
| How many weeks must neonatal jaundice persist before an abdominal u/s is ordered? | 2 |
| What causes neonatal jaundice to persist? | Unconjugated bilirubin |
| What is considered to be the infantile form of hepatocellular carcinoma? | Hepatoblastoma |
| What percentage of normal term infants have elevated unconjugated bilirubin levels? | 60% |
| What is the most common cause of renal cystic disease in the neonate? | Multicystic dysplastic kidney |
| What is the normal measurement of the filum terminale? | 2mm or less |
| What does a thickened filum terminale indicate? | Tethered cord |
| What structure forms the roof of the lateral ventricles of the brain? | Corpus callosum |
| What area of the neonatal brain is most vulnerable to hemorrhage? | Germinal matrix |
| Which view would demonstrate both occipital horns of the lateral ventricles? | Coronal, posterior |
| How much of the femoral head shoudl be covered by the labrum? | 2/3 |
| How much of the head of the femur should be in the acetabulum? | 1/2 |
| What is the normal measurement of the alpha angle? | more than 60 degrees |
Created by:
marissagirl