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Energy
ENSC midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| the capacity to do work | energy |
| energy is | the basis of life |
| the basis of life | energy |
| types of energy | radiant, chemical, mechanical, electrical, potential, kinetic |
| kinetic energy | energy derived from an objects motion and mass |
| energy derived from an objects motion and mass | kinetic |
| potential energy | stored energy available for later use |
| stored energy available for later use | potential energy |
| law of conservation of energy | energy is neithercreated nor destroyed |
| what law states that energy is neither created nor destroyed | law of conservation of energy |
| low of entropy | energy is transformed, always a decrease in quality |
| what law states that energy is transformed, always a decrease in the quality | law of entropy |
| why is the law of entropy import for ecosystems | bc of how energy flows through food webs |
| source of energy on earth | sunlight |
| how much energy received from the sun is reflected into space | 1/3 |
| how much solar energy actually reached the earths surface depend on | geographic location, time of day, season, land scape weather |
| where is solar radiation concentrated over a small area at a direct angle | near equator |
| where is solar radiation concentrated over a large area at a less direct angle | towards poles |
| decreased intensity of solar radiation = | decreased temp |
| increased intensity of solar radiation = | increased temp |
| solar radiation at high lat in jan | cold, indirect angle of solar rad, shorter days |
| solar radiation at low lat in jan | warm, direct angle of solar rad, longer days |
| solar radiation at high lat in april | warm, direct angle of solar rad, longer days |
| solar radiation at low lat in april | cold, indirect solar rad, shorter days |
| seasons are driven by | the tilt of the earths orbit around the sun |
| what is driven by the tilt of the earths orbit around the sun | season |
| autotroph | organism with the ability to capture energy and manufacture matter |
| organisms with the ability to capture energy and manufacture matter | autotroph |
| 2 kinds of autotrophs | photo and chemo |
| phototrophs are a type of | autotroph |
| chemoautotroph are a type of | autotroph |
| where do phototrophs get their energy | light, sun |
| photosynthesis | converting sunlight into chemical energy |
| converting sunlight into chem energy | photosynthesis |
| where do chemoautotrophs get their energy | chemicals in the environ |
| GPP | gross primary productivity |
| gross primary productivity | overall rate of biomass production |
| term for overall rate of biomass production | gross primary production |
| NPP | net primary production |
| net primary production | GPP minus cellular respiration (cost of capturing energy) |
| term for GPP minus cellular respiration | net primaryproduction |
| estruaries | end of freshwater system where it joins salt water, mixing of nutrients aided by tidal movement, shallow so sunlight penetrates bottom of system, lots of production of biomass, import inviron for producer productivity |
| heterotrophs | organisms that consume other organisms to get carbon and energy |
| term for organisms that consume other organisms to get carbon and energy | heterotroph |
| atp is | usable energy |
| cellurlar resperation | releases energy from food, breaking down food = releasing energy |
| aerobic resperation | requires energy |
| anaerobic respiration | doesn't require energy |
| directly heterotroph | eating producers |
| indirectly heterotroph | eating organisms that ate the producer before |
| trophic levels are | positions of an organism in a food chain based on how it gets energy |
| primary producers | plants |
| primary consumers | eat plants |
| secondary consumers | eat primary producers |
| at least ___ of energy is lost at each trophic level | 90% |
| energy is lost at every ______ ______ | trophic level |
| detritus | dead organic matter |
| decomposer food chains are high in | potential energy |
| food web | complex and accurate, shows many connections |
| biomass differs in _____ | ecosystems |
| grass land biomass pyramid | producers most biomass, tertiary consumers most |
| marine biomass pyramid | producers least biomass, tertiary consumers least |
| ecological redundancy | more species in ecosystem = more resilience to stress. more alternative energy pathways and allows for a given role in an ecossytem to be played by more than one species |
| more species in ecosystem = more resilience | ecological redundancy |
| more alternative energy pathways and the allowance for a given role in an ecosystem to be played by more that one species is what | ecological redundancy |
| what type of food webs dominate marine ecosystems | grazing |
| grazing food webs dominate what type of ecosystems | marine |
| sea lions eating pollock have decreased mass overtime is an ex of what hypothesis | junk food hypothesis |
| ecosystems | collection of communities interacting within a physical environemnt |
| term for collection of communities interacting within a physical environment | ecosystem |
| organism | smallest unit |
| population | group of individuals of same species |
| term for group of individuals of same species | population |
| community | various pops in a given area |
| term for various pops in a given area | community |
| ecozones | grouping similar ecosystems together |
| term for grouping similar ecosystems together | ecozones |
| tundra | low temp, low prec, permafrost |
| biome with low temp, low precip, permafrost | tundra |
| boreal forest | largest biome, relative cold temps, high lat, coniferous trees, slow decomp of soil |
| what biome has coniferous trees, slow decomp of soil | boreal forest |
| temperate forest | high to low temps, deciduous and evergreen trees, fertile soil |
| what biome has deciduous and evergreen trees and fertile soil | temperate forest |
| desert | low prec, varied temp |
| what biome has low precip and varied temps | desert |
| savannah | high temps, low precip, grass and shrubs |
| what biome has high temps, low precip, grass and shrubs | savannah |
| cold biomes | tundra, coniferous forest, some deserts |
| moderate temp biomes | temperate desert, temperate grassland, decisuous forest |
| hot biomes | tropical forest, tropical grassland, tropical desert |
| soil is a mixture | inorganic and organic material |
| what is critical in determining the veg growth of an area and organisms living there | soil |
| inorganic material in soil | sand, clay, pebbles |
| sand, clay and pebbles are what part of soil | inorganic |
| organic material in soil | decaying leaves, water and air |
| decaying leaves, water and air are what part of soil | organic |
| soilds are mainly formed from _____ material where they are found | parental |
| soil horizons | different layers forming a soil profile |
| term for layers in soil profile | soil horizons |
| soil profile | cross sectional view across soil horizons |
| term for cross sectional view across soil horizons | soil profile |
| o-horizon | organic matter |
| a-horizon | litter, topsoil, dark, rich in humus |
| b-horizon | subsoil, inorganic, light colored |
| c-horizon | transition zone, varied |
| d-horizon | parent material, rock or gravel |
| range of tolerance | the range of conditions that diff organisms can tolerate and still survive |
| term for the range of conditions that diff organisms can tolerate and still survive | range of tolerance |
| zone of physiological stress | conditions can be tolerated by certain individs within the pop, but are not optimal |
| term for conditions that can be tolerated by certain individs within a pop but are not optimal | zone of physiological stress |
| what zone can relatively few exist in | zone of physiological stress |
| optimum range | range of conditions that is ideal for a species |
| term for the range of conditions that are ideal for a species | optimum range |
| what zone can high pops live in | optimum range |
| abiotic factors | non-lining parts of ecosystems |
| non-living parts of ecosystem | abiotic |
| biotic factors | living parts of ecosystem |
| living parts of ecosystem | biotic |
| abiotic factors have important role in influencing | species distributions and abundance |
| niche | specific combo of the physical, chemical and biological conditions for a species grwoth |
| term for the specific combo of the physical, chemical and biological conditions for a species growth` | niche |
| fundamental niche | potential range of conditions that they can occupy |
| what type of niche is the potential range of conditions that they can occupy | fundamental range |
| realized niche | narrower range actually occupied |
| what type of niche is a more narrow range that is actually occupied | realized niche |
| what type of niche do specialized species have | narrow and susceptible to pop fluctuations |
| what type of species have narrow niches | specialized niches |
| what type of niche do generalist species have | very broad niche |
| what type of species have very broad niches | generalist |
| competitive exclusion principle | no 2 species can occupy the same niche |
| what principle states that no 2 species can occupy the same niche | competitive exclusion principle |
| bc specialist species have narrow niches they are | susceptible to pop flunctuations |
| why are specialized species susceptible to pop fluctuation | bc they have narrow niches |
| competition | struggle between organisms for limited shared resources negatively affecting their growth, survival or reproduction |
| term for the struggle between organisms for limited shared resources negatively affecting their growth, survival and reproduction | competition |
| intraspecific competition | occurs between members of the same species |
| what type of competition occurs between members of the same species | intraspecific |
| what type of competition may lead to the domination of particular areas by certain individs | intraspecific |
| interspecific competition | occurs between different species |
| what type of competition occurs between diff species | interspecific |
| how can competition be reduced | resource partitioning |
| what is resource partitioing | when a resource is used at diff time in diff ways by species with an overlap of fundamental niches |
| predation | a predator species benefits at the expense of a prey species |
| lynx eats hare is and ex of | predation |
| parasitism | special type of predation, predator lives in or on host |
| special type of predation where the predator lives in or on host | parasitism |
| commensalism | interactions benefit one species but doesn't harm or benefit the other |
| what type of biotic relationship benefits one species but doesn't benefit or harm the other | commensalism |
| cattle egrets and grazing mammals are an ex of | commensalism |
| key stone species | species with a strong influence on the whole ecosystem |
| are key stone species always the most abundant | no |
| term for species with a strong influence on the whole ecosystem | key stone species |
| biodiversity | variety of life forms in a habitat or ecosystem |
| term for variety of life forms in a habitat or ecosystem | biodiversity |
| interactions between abiotic and biotic factors produce | many diff life forms |
| biodiversity if the sum of what three interactions | genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity |
| biodiversity hot spot | area where high numbers of endemic species are present and are threatened by human development |
| term for areas where high numbers of endemic species are threatened by human development | biodiversity hotspot |
| habitat loss and degradation is a threat to | biodiversity |
| invasive alien species degradation is a threat to | biodiversity |
| overexploitation is a threat to | biodiversity |
| pollution is a threat to | biodiversity |
| climate change is a threat to | biodiversity |
| as habitats are lost, fragmented or degraded they become less able to support | native species that rely on them |
| invasive alien species | plants, animals and diseases that can outcompete or kill native species and destroy or alter habitat |
| term for a species that can outcompete or kill native species and destroy or alter habitat | invasive species |
| python in Florida is an example of | invasive species |
| how does overexploitation threat biodiversity | reduces pops, this can lead to species characteristics |
| blue fun tuna is an ex of | overexploitation of species, making them at risk |
| how does pollution threaten biodiversity | kill species, reduce their health and affect their reproductive ability |
| how does climate change threaten biodiversity | altering environmental conditions that species have evolved or adapted to |
| rate of climate change accelerating too quickly for | species to adapt adequately |
| what is the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada | independent advisory panel to assess the status of wildlife species at risk of extinction |
| species at risk act | canadas strategy to protect hundreds of wild plants and animal species from becoming extinct and to help in their recovery |
Created by:
user-2017903