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Ch5 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Supports | The people, relationships, and everyday resources already present in a student’s life that help them learn and succeed without formal services. |
| Intellectual Functioning | A person’s overall mental ability, including reasoning, problem-solving, planning, understanding ideas, and learning from experience. |
| Adaptive Behavior | The everyday practical skills a person needs to function independently and handle daily responsibilities. |
| Social Intelligence | The ability to understand others’ thoughts and feelings and respond appropriately in social situations. |
| Practical Intelligence | The skill of solving real-world problems and adapting effectively to everyday challenges. |
| Supports | Services, strategies, or assistance provided to help a person participate in daily activities and live as independently as possible. |
| Mild | IQ range of 50–70. |
| Moderate | IQ range of 35–50. |
| Severe | IQ range of 20–35. |
| Profound | IQ below 20. |
| Intellectual Disabilities | A condition involving significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive skills that impact daily life. |
| Prenatal | Occurring before birth |
| Perinatal | Occurring during the time surrounding birth. |
| Post Natal | Occurring after birth. |
| Chromosomal Disorders | Genetic conditions caused by abnormalities in a person’s chromosomes, such as missing, extra, or altered chromosomes. |
| Down Syndrome | A genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to intellectual disability and certain physical and health characteristics. |
| Chromosomes | Structures inside cells that contain DNA and carry genetic information. |
| Trisomy 21 | A genetic condition in which a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. |
| Maternal Serum Screening | A blood test during pregnancy used to estimate the risk of certain genetic conditions or birth defects. |
| Nuchal Translucency Ultrasound | A first-trimester screening that measures fluid at the back of a fetus’s neck to assess risk for certain conditions. |
| Amniocentesis | A prenatal test where a small sample of amniotic fluid is removed and tested for genetic or chromosomal disorders. |
| Spina Bifida | A birth defect where the spinal column does not fully close during development, affecting the spinal cord and nerves. |
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | A prenatal test that takes a small sample of placental tissue to check for genetic or chromosomal conditions. |
| Fragile X Syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by a mutation on the X chromosome that can result in intellectual and developmental delays. |
| Prader-Willi Syndrome | A genetic condition caused by missing or inactive genes on chromosome 15, leading to cognitive, physical, and behavioral challenges. |
| Sleep Apnea | A sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. |
| Scoliosis | A condition in which the spine curves abnormally to the side. |
| Williams Syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by the deletion of part of chromosome 7, often leading to developmental delays and heart problems. |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | Genetic disorders where the body cannot properly break down certain nutrients due to missing or malfunctioning enzymes. |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | A metabolic disorder where the body cannot properly process the amino acid phenylalanine. |
| Microcephalous | A condition in which a person’s head size is significantly smaller than expected due to incomplete brain development |
| Hydrocephalus | A condition where excess fluid builds up in the brain, creating pressure inside the skull. |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | A group of conditions caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy that affect physical and brain development. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | A group of conditions caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy that affect physical and brain development. |
| Rubella | A viral illness that is usually mild but can cause serious birth defects if contracted during pregnancy. |
| Anoxia | A condition in which the body or brain does not receive oxygen. |
| Low Birth Weight (LBW) | When a baby is born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). |
| Syphilis | A bacterial sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum. |
| Herpes Simplex | A viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus that can affect the mouth or genital area. |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by infection. |
| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain, most often due to a viral infection. |
| Mental Age | An estimate of intellectual ability expressed as the age level at which a person performs cognitively. |
| Chronical Age | A person’s actual age based on their birth date. |
| Working Memory (WM) | The ability to temporarily hold and use information while completing tasks. |
| Metacognition | Awareness and understanding of your own thinking processes. |
| Self-Regulation | The ability to control emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in different situations. |
| Behavioral Phenotypes | Typical patterns of behavior or thinking that are commonly linked to specific genetic conditions. |
| Systematic Instruction | A carefully planned, step-by-step teaching method designed to help students learn skills in a structured way. |
| Explicit Instruction | A teaching approach that clearly explains and demonstrates skills, followed by guided practice. |
| Functional Academics | Teaching academic skills in ways that connect directly to real-life activities and independence. |
| Community Residential Facilities (CRFs) | Community-based living settings where individuals with disabilities receive support and services. |
| Supported Living | A housing arrangement where individuals live independently or semi-independently while receiving needed assistance. |
| Deinstitutionalization | The movement of individuals from large institutions into community-based living environments. |
| Sheltered Workshop | A supervised work setting where individuals with disabilities complete job tasks in a structured environment. |
| Supported Competitive Employment | Employment in regular community jobs where individuals with disabilities work alongside others and receive support when needed. |
| Job Coach | A professional who assists individuals with disabilities in learning and maintaining employment skills. |
| Self Determination | The ability to make personal choices, set goals, and direct your own life. |
| Person-Centered Planning | A collaborative planning process that focuses on an individual’s strengths and goals to develop meaningful supports and services. |
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