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Buscho Topic 10/12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why did some Christians in the Middle Ages believe the Roman Catholic Church needed reform? | Church leaders were seen as corrupt and immoral |
| What were John Wycliffe’s main criticisms of the Catholic clergy? A. They opposed education B. They held too much wealth and power and lived immorally C. They refused to preach D. They rejected the pope | They held too much wealth and power and lived immorally |
| Why did Wycliffe believe the Bible should be translated into vernacular languages? | They held too much wealth and power and lived immorally |
| How was Jan Hus influenced by John Wycliffe, and what happened to him because of his beliefs? | He adopted Wycliffe’s ideas and was executed for heresy |
| What was Christian humanism, and how did it differ from earlier humanist ideas? | It combined classical learning with Christian reform |
| How did Christian humanists believe reading the Bible could change Christianity? | It would return Christianity to its original values |
| What criticisms did Desiderius Erasmus make about Roman Catholic Christianity? | It focused too much on rituals and not enough on true faith |
| How did Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press change the spread of ideas in Europe? | Information could be shared quickly and cheaply |
| Why was the printing of the Bible in 1455 especially important for the Reformation? | It allowed more people to own and read the Bible |
| How did increased access to the Bible lead some people to question Church teachings? | People noticed differences between scripture and Church practices |
| According to Catholic teaching, how were faith, good works, and salvation connected? | Faith and good works together led to salvation |
| What were indulgences? | Certificates reducing punishment for sins, often sold for money |
| Why did Martin Luther believe the sale of indulgences was corrupt? | They replaced true repentance and faith |
| How did Luther’s understanding of salvation differ from Catholic teaching? | Salvation came through faith alone |
| What was the purpose of Luther’s 95 Theses when he first wrote them? | To explain problems in the church, including the sale of indulgences |
| Which beliefs led Luther to break with the Roman Catholic Church by 1521? | Faith alone and rejection of Church authority over salvation |
| Why did Charles V see Luther as a serious threat? | Luther challenged both Church authority and political unity |
| How did Frederick III help Martin Luther survive after he was declared an outlaw? | He hid Luther in Wartburg Castle |
| Why did many German nobles support Lutheranism? | It allowed them to gain independence from the pope and the emperor |
| What beliefs did most Protestant churches have in common? | Salvation through faith alone and authority of the Bible |
| What did the Peace of Augsburg decide about religion in Germany? | Each ruler could choose Catholicism or Lutheranism for their territory |
| Why was John Calvin’s idea of predestination controversial? | It taught that God had already chosen who would be saved |
| How did Calvin turn Geneva into a theocracy? | By enforcing strict religious laws based on his beliefs |
| What beliefs and actions made the Radical Reformation different from other reform movements? | Rejection of infant baptism and state churches |
| How did the Council of Trent respond to the Protestant Reformation while still maintaining Catholic authority? | By reforming abuses while reaffirming Catholic doctrines |
| Why were the Habsburgs considered the most powerful dynasty in Europe during the Reformation? | They ruled large territories across Europe and the Americas |
| How did the Habsburgs expand and maintain their power across Europe? | Through marriage alliances, inheritance, and conquest |
| Why did Philip II believe strict Catholic unity was necessary for his rule? | He believed religious diversity weakened authority |
| Why was the Spanish Netherlands economically important to Spain? | It was a center of trade, banking, and manufacturing |
| Who was William the Silent? | A Protestant leader who led resistance against Spanish rule |
| Who was attacked during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre? | Hugenots |
| What did the Edict of Nantes do? | Granted limited religious tolerance to Protestants |
| Why did King Henry VIII break away from the Roman Catholic Church? | The pope refused to grant him a divorce |
| How was the early Anglican Church similar to the Roman Catholic Church? | It kept many Catholic rituals and church structure |
| How did Elizabeth I attempt to stabilize religious conflict in England? | By creating a moderate religious settlement |
| Why were both Catholics and Puritans dissatisfied with Elizabeth I’s religious policies? | Her compromise pleased neither group fully |
| Why did religious differences increase tension between England and Spain? | England was Protestant while Spain remained strongly Catholic |
| Why did Philip II decide to launch the Spanish Armada against England? | To punish England and restore Catholic rule |
| What factors led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada? | English naval tactics and severe storms |
| Why did James I’s belief in the divine right of kings cause conflict in England? A. Parliament fully agreed with him B. It limited royal authority C. D. It ended religious disputes | It clashed with Parliament’s belief in shared power |
| What events triggered the English Civil War? | Conflict over royal authority, taxes, and religion |
| Who were the Roundheads and Cavaliers, and what groups supported each side? | Roundheads supported Parliament; Cavaliers supported the king |
| Why was Charles I executed? | He was accused of treason against his own people |
| How did the Thirty Years’ War change from a religious conflict into a political one? | Major powers fought for political dominance regardless of religion |
| What were the major outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia, and why was it a turning point in European history? | It recognized state sovereignty and ended large-scale religious wars |
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