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diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is diabetes mellitus? | A metabolic disorder causing hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin production (Type 1) or insulin resistance (Type 2) |
| What causes Type 1 Diabetes? | Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells - Little or nio insulin production |
| What causes Type 2 Diabetes? | Insulin resistance with decrease insulin production over time. |
| What is metabolic Syndrome? | A cluster of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension that increases Type 2 DM risk. |
| What are the 3 classic symptoms of diabetes? | Polyuria (excess urination) Polydipsia (dehydration) Polyphagia (excess hunger) |
| Why does polyuria occur in diabetes | Osmotic diuresis from excess glucose in urine |
| Why does polyphagia occur? | Cells cannot access glucose - body thinks it is starving |
| What breath odor suggests DKA | Fruity/acetone odor |
| What breathing pattern suggest DKA | Kussmaul respirations ( deep, rapid breathing) |
| What glucose level confirms hypoglycemia | less than 70 mg/dL |
| First action for conscious hypoglycemia? | Give 15 - 20 g fast Carbohydrates |
| When should glucose be rechecked after treating hypoglycemia? | 15 minutes |
| What medication treats unconscious hypoglycemia? | Glucagon IM/SQ or IV dextrose |
| Diagnostic fasting glucose level for diabetes | greater or equal to 126 mg/dL |
| Diagnostic A1C for diabetes? | Greater than or equal to 6.5% |
| Random glucose level that suggests diabetes? | greater or equal 200 mg/dL with symptoms |
| What s the purpose of HbA1c testing? | Measures average glucose control over - 120 days |
| Acceptable A1C goal for many diabetic clients? | Less than 7% |
| What indicates a Ketone emergency? | Ketones present with glucose greater than 300 mg/dL |
| Which insulin can be given IV | Regular insulin |
| Which insulin is mixed with short - acting insulin? | NPH |
| Mixing insulin rule? | Draw up clear (short acting) before cloudy (longer acting) |
| When are rapid - acting insulin given | Right before meals |
| What is the main purpose of long-acting insulin | Basal glucose control |
| Why rotate insulin injection sites? | Prevent Lipohypertrophy and absorption changes |
| Major risk of insulin Therapy? | Hypoglycemia |
| Signs of hypoglycemia? | Shaking, sweating, confusion, tachycardia |
| Signs of hyperglycemia? | Hot dry skin, dehydration, fruity breath |
| What is DKA? | Life threatening hyperglycemia with ketosis and metabolic acidosis |
| Glucose level typical in DKA? | Greater than 300 mg/dl |
| Are Ketones present in DKA | yes |
| Acid base status in DKA | Metabolic Acidosis |
| What is HHS | Severe hyperglycemia with dehydration and no ketones |
| Glucose level typical in HHS? | Greater than 600 mg/dl |
| Are Ketones present in HHS | NO |
| Priority treatment for DKA/HHS | IV fluids, Insulin, Electrolyte monitoring, |
| What fluid is given first in DKA | 0.9% normal Saline |
| Why monitoring potassium during DKA treatment? | Insulin shifts potassium into cells - hypokalemia risk |
| When should dextrose be added during DKA treatment? | When glucose approaches 250 mg/dl |
| Sick day rule: Insulin during illness? | Never stop insulin |
| Sick day glucose monitoring frequency? | Every 2- 4 hours |
| When should ketones be checked during illness | If glucose greater than 240 mg/dL |
| Foot care Priority for diabetics? | Daily inspection and protection from injury |
| What shoes should diabetics wear? | Close toe, well-fitting shoes |
| Should lotion be applied between toes | No - infection risk |
| How should toenails be trimmed? | Straight across to prevent injury |
| Exercise glucose safety range? | 80- 250 mg/dL |
| What lab monitors long term glucose control? | HbA1c |
| Major long-term complications of diabetes? | Neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease. |
Created by:
Kerry12