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A&P Lecture 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hormones of the hypothalamus | Tropic hormones |
| Tropic hormones | are a specialized group of hormones, primarily secreted by the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, that act on other endocrine glands to stimulate the secretion of further hormones |
| Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary (Adrenohypophysis) | -Growth hormones -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) -Luteinizing Hormone (LH) -Follicule Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -Prolactin |
| Hormones of the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) | -Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) -Oxytocin |
| The posterior pituitary secretes ADH and Oxytocin, however | these 2 hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and trafficked into neurons if the neurohypophysis |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is a | water-conversation hormone |
| Steps 1-2 of ADH signaling (brain to kidneys) | 1. Osmotreceptors in the hypothalamus detect changes in blood osmolarity, and baroreceptors detect a drop in blood pressure 2. Frequency of action potentials increase in ADH- secreting neurons |
| Steps 3-4 of ADH signaling (brain to kidneys) | 3. APS are carried by axons through the hypothalamohypophysial tract to the posterior pituitary 4. In the posterior pituitary, action potentials cause the release of ADH into the blood |
| Increasing ADH acts on kidney tubules to: | Increase water reabsorption Reduce urine output Increase urine osmolarity Decreased blood osmolarity |
| What else is ADH called and why? | Vasopressin! because it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure when large amounts are released |
| ADH is synthesized by | neurosecretory neurons in the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus |
| What kinda GPCR is ADH? | GAs (stimulatory) |
| How ADH works as a GPCR steps 1-3 | 1. The protein alpha subunit is activated by ligand (ADH) binding to its receptor. This leads to activation of adenyl cyclas (AC) 2. AC increase cAMP concentrations 3. cAMP activates PKA |
| How ADH works as a GPCR steps 4-5 | 4. PKA phosphorylates aquaporins 2 (AQP2), this increasing its localization to plasma membrane on luminal surface 5. Membrane aquaporins increase absorption of water from urine. This water is moved into blood vessels, thus increasing blood pressure |
| Oxytocin | Functions in uterine contractions and milk productions like ADH, is secreted by the posterior pituitary YET is synthesized in hypothalamic neurons |
| Hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid gland | Thyroid hormones are secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) Calcitonin |
| T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) | act on a very broad range of target tissue to increase their growth and metabolism |
| Calcitonin | functions in calcium homeostasis |
| The Parathyroid glands are embedded in | the posterior of the thyroid gland |
| When blood calcium levels are too low | the parathyroid secretes PTH |
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from | the hypothalamus |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from | the anterior pituitary |
| T3 and T4 have what kinda effects? | inhibitory effect on the secretion of TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary |
| Hypothyrodism | Everything DECREASES except body weight, FATTTTT |
| Hyperthyrodism | Everything INCREASES except body weight SKINNYYYYYY also Protruding eyes Enlarged thyroid (GOITER) |
| Adrenal Glands | Located on superior pole of kidneys, these glands secrete a diverse set of hormones |
| Adrenal glands are composed of | an inner medulla and an outer cortex |
| Cortex produces | aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens |
| Medulla produces | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| HORMONAL CONTROL | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis Regulation of cortisol and effects on target tissue |
| Cortisol secretion is regulated by the | hypothalamic hormone, CRH, and anterior pituitary hormone, ACTH |
| Cortisol is released by | adrenal cortex |
| NEURONAL CONTROL The HPA axis | sympathetic activation and effects on target tissue Stress, physical exercise, and low blood glucose levels cause increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which increases epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla |
| HUMORAL CONTROL | Pancreatic Hormones |
| BLOOD SUGAR INCREASES | 1. Stimulus- Blood glucose levels rise 2. Beta cells in pancreas release insulin into the blood 3. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen; body cells take up glucose 4. blood glucose levels decline |
| BLOOD SUGAR DECREASES | 1. Stimulus- Blood glucose levels drop 2 . Alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon 3. Liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose 4. Blood glucose levels rises |
| Diabetes Mellitus | a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from the body’s inability to produce or properly use insulin |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 1. Body doesn't make enough insulin 2. Caused by immune system reaction 3. Often starts in childhood 4. Symptoms come on quickly 5. Treated with insulin injections |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 1. Body doesn’t respond to insulin 2. Lifestyle factors and genetics contribute 3. More common in middle age 4. Symptoms develop slowly 5. managed with drugs and lifestyle changes |
| Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is | a condition that causes excessive thirst and urination due to an imbalance in the body’s ability to regulate water. Often due to inability to produce ADH (vasopressin) or respond to ADH |
| DI Symptoms | Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Dehydration, dry mouth Fatigue, excessive production of pale urine |
| How do they diagnose DI? | Typically diagnosed via a blood test showing diminished ADH levels |
| DI Treatments | Treatments Synthetic ADH (vasopressin) If kidneys are unable to respond to vasopressin, patients are instructed to drink lots of water and reduce sodium consumption |
Created by:
liladdoyle