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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineral | a naturally formed, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure |
| element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
| atom | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element |
| compound | a substance made up of atoms or ions of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up |
| crystal | natural solid substance that has a definite geometric shape |
| streak | the color of a mineral in powdered form |
| luster | the way in which a mineral reflects light |
| cleavage | in geology, the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces |
| weathering | weathering is the in-situ breakdown of rocks, soil, and minerals via physical, chemical, and biological processes driven by water, ice, air, and organisms. Key causes include temperature changes, freezing water, and acid reactions. |
| erosion | erosion is the geological process of wearing away and transporting soil, rock, and sediment via natural forces like water, wind, ice, and gravity. |
| deposition | A deposition is an out-of-court, sworn, oral testimony of a witness or party, typically recorded by a court reporter to gather evidence |
| igneous rock | Igneous rocks are “fire-born,” meaning that they are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten (melted) rock. |
| sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rocks are formed from deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organism that accumulate on the Earth's surface |
| metamorphic rock | Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors. Conditions like these are found deep within the Earth or where tectonic plates meet. |
| rock cycle | The rock cycle describes the processes through which the three main rock types (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) transform from one type into another. |
| uplift | Uplift refers to the rising of portions of the Earth's surface while sinking of land refers to the downward shift of portions of Earth's surface. |
| subsidence | Subsidence - sinking of the ground because of underground material movement |
| rift zone | Rift zones are areas where the volcano is rifting or splitting apart. The rock in a rift zone has many cracks and is relatively weak, and thus it is easiest for magma to make its way to the surface through these rift zones. |
| crust | the thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle |
| mantle | the layer of rock between the Earth’s crust and core |
| convection | the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations; can result in the transfer of energy as heat |
| core | the central part of Earth below the mantle |
| lithosphere | The solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle |
| asthenosphere | the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it |
| mesosphere | the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core |
| pangea | the super continent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 200 million years ago |
| sea-floor spreading | the process by which new oceanic lithosphere sea floor forms when magma rises to Earth’s surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, as older, existing sea floor moves away from the ridge |
| plate tectonics | the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape |
| tectonic plates | a block of lithosphere that consists of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle |
| convergent boundary | the boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding |
| divergent boundary | the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other |
| transform boundary | the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally |
| deformation | the bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth’s crust; the change in the shape of rock in response to stress |
| folding | Folding is a type of earth movement resulting from the horizontal compression of rock layers by internal forces of the earth along plate boundaries. Upfolds are termed anticlines. |
| fault | A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. |
| shear stress | shear stress, force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress. |
| tension | In geology, the term "tension" refers to a stress which stretches rocks in two opposite directions. The rocks become longer in a lateral direction and thinner in a vertical direction. |
| compression | Compression. Compression (squashing) occurs as tectonic plates are pushed together and the crust becomes shorter and thicker, building mountain ranges like the Alps or Himalayas. |
| earthquake | An earthquake is the sudden release of strain energy in the Earth's crust, resulting in waves of shaking that radiate outwards from the earthquake source. |
| focus | In geometrical optics, a focus, also called an image point, is a point where light rays originating from a point on an object converge. Although the focus is conceptually a point, physically the focus has a spatial extent, called the blur circle. |
| epicenter | The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus (the point of origin) of an earthquake. The epicenter is usually the location where the greatest damage associated with an earthquake occurs. |
| tectonic plate boundary | Plate boundaries are the edges where two plates meet. Most geologic activities, including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building |
| elastic rebound | Elastic rebound is what happens to the crustal material on either side of a fault during an earthquake. The idea is that a fault is stuck until the strain accumulated in the rock on either side of the fault has overcome the friction making it stick. |
| volcano | A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust that allows magma, ash and gasses to erupt from below the surface. |
| magma | Scientists use the term magma for molten rock that is underground and lava for molten rock that breaks through the Earth's surface. |
| lava | Lava is magma that reaches the surface of our planet through a volcano vent. |
| vent | Any opening at the Earth's surface through which magma erupts or volcanic gases are emitted. |
| hot spot | What is a hot spot in science definition? Hotspots - Geology (U.S. National Park Service) A hotspot is a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth. A line of volcanoes develops as a plate moves over a hotspot |
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