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UNL anthro 385
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does bipedalism mean and why is it important? | Walking upright on two legs. It frees the hands for tool use, carrying food, and caring for offspring. |
| What is non-honing chewing, and how does it relate to diet? | Humans lack the canine-premolar honing complex. This reflects reduced aggression and a diet not focused on tearing meat. |
| Why is speech considered a defining human trait? | Humans have complex spoken language, allowing detailed communication, social bonding, and cultural transmission. |
| How does material use separate humans from other primates? | Humans regularly make and use tools to modify their environment rather than just using objects temporarily. |
| Why are domestication and hunting important to being human? | Humans selectively breed plants and animals, creating reliable food sources and long-term environmental control. Cooperative hunting provided high-quality food and shaped social cooperation and communication. |
| What is gradualism, and who proposed it? | (Darwin and Wallace) Evolution occurs through slow, continuous change over long periods of time. |
| What is punctuated equilibrium, and who proposed it? | (Eldredge and Gould) Evolution occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods of little or no change, but the speed of change varies. |
| How are gradualism and punctuated equilibrium a combination, not opposites? | Both describe evolution over time; gradualism explains slow change, while punctuated equilibrium explains faster changes depending on environmental pressure. |
| What are the Mechanism Of Evolution? | Natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutation |
| Why do anthropologists study chimpanzees? | Chimpanzees share 97–98% of human DNA and show hunting behavior, tool use, and complex social relationships similar to early hominins. |
| Why study baboons? | Baboons live in savanna environments, have social systems similar to early hominins, and eat a C4 diet like Australopithecus. |
| What is the difference between C3 and C4 diets? | C3 diets consist of trees and shrubs, while C4 diets consist of grasses and savanna plants. |
| How do sulci and gyri affect brain function? | Sulci and gyri are folds and ridges in the brain that increase surface area and neuron number. |
| How does canine size reflect competition vs cooperation? | Large canines indicate high competition and aggression, while smaller canines reflect increased cooperation. |
| What traits define an organism’s life history? | Age at weaning, age of reproduction, interbirth interval, life expectancy, number of offspring, birth rate, and infant sex ratio. |
| How does cooperative breeding help mothers and offspring? | Cooperative breeding helps mothers by reducing stress and workload because other family members help care for the child, and it helps offspring by increasing supervision and protection, which improves their chances of survival. |
| What is the reproductive fitness hypothesis? | Humans increase fitness through higher fertility, longer life expectancy, and lower offspring mortality. |
| What is the grand mothering hypothesis, and how are they related? | Post-reproductive females help care for grandchildren, increasing survival and overall fitness. |
| What does the Red Queen hypothesis say about evolution and the environment? | The environment is constantly changing, so species must continuously adapt or they will fall behind and go extinct. |
| Four Types of Selection (sddm) | Stabilizing selection-Selection favors the average trait and selects against extremes. Directional selection-Selection favors one extreme trait over others. Disruptive selection-selection favors both extremes and selects against the mean. Balancing select |
| What is a monophyletic group, and why are they important? | Includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Only these groups (clades) are recognized in cladistics. A shared derived trait that defines a monophyletic group. |
| What is a paraphyletic group? | Includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. A shared ancestral trait that does not define a clade. |
| What is a polyphyletic group, and how does convergent evolution relate? | Includes organisms that appear similar due to convergent evolution but do not share a recent common ancestor (e.g., sharks and dolphins). |
| Why are only monophyletic groups recognized in cladistics? | Because they accurately reflect evolutionary relationships. |
| Why does human variation make origins difficult to understand? | Because modern humans show wide biological diversity that can obscure evolutionary relationships. |
| What does primatology study? | Primatology studies foraging, ecological niches, tool use, predation, sociality, brain development, language, life history, and anatomy. |
| What challenges do primates face? | Finding food, communication and social relationships, climate and environment, and reproduction. |
| Give an example of primate tool use. | Chimpanzees use sticks to extract termites from logs. |
| What is an aptation? | An aptation is a trait without a clear positive or negative effect. |
| What is an exaptation? | An exaptation is a trait that evolved for one purpose and was later used for another. |
| What is an adaptation? | An adaptation is a trait that provides a positive survival or reproductive advantage. |
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