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Chapter 5 Study
Mr. King Chapter 5 Study Stack
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Supports | The people, relationships, and resources that already exist in a student’s everyday environment that help them learn, participate, and succeed without requiring formal professional services. |
| Intellectual Functioning | Refers to a person’s general mental capacity, including abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. |
| Adaptive Behavior | Refers to a person’s practical, everyday skills needed to function and meet the demands of daily life. |
| Social Intelligence | The ability to understand, interpret, and respond effectively to the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of others in social situations. |
| Practical Intelligence | The ability to solve everyday problems and adapt to real-world situations effectively. |
| Supports | Strategies and resources that "a person requires to participate in activities associated with normative human functioning." |
| Mild | IQ of about 50-70 |
| Moderate | IQ of about 35-50 |
| Severe | IQ of about 20-35 |
| Profound | IQ below about 20 |
| Intellectual disabilities | Characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which affect a person’s everyday social, conceptual, and practical skills. |
| Prenatal | Before birth. |
| Perinatal | At the time of birth. |
| Postnatal | After birth. |
| Chromosomal Disorders | Characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which affect a person’s everyday social, conceptual, and practical skills. |
| Down Syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) that results in intellectual disability, distinctive physical features, and sometimes health problems. |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information (DNA) in the form of genes. |
| Trisomy 21 | A genetic condition in which a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. |
| Maternal Serum Screening | A blood test performed during pregnancy to assess the risk of certain birth defects or genetic conditions in the developing baby. |
| Nuchal Translucency Ultrasound | A prenatal screening test performed in the first trimester that measures the fluid-filled space at the back of a fetus’s neck. |
| Amniocentesis | A prenatal diagnostic test in which a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the sac surrounding the fetus to test for genetic and chromosomal conditions. |
| Spina Bifida | A birth defect in which the spinal column does not close completely during early fetal development, leaving part of the spinal cord and nerves exposed or improperly formed. |
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) | A prenatal diagnostic test that involves taking a small sample of the placenta (chorionic villi) to test for genetic and chromosomal conditions in the fetus. |
| Fragile X Syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by a mutation on the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, leading to intellectual disability, developmental delays, and sometimes behavioral or emotional challenges. |
| Prader-Willi Syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by the loss of function of specific genes on chromosome 15, leading to physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems. |
| Sleep Apnea | A sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. |
| Williams Syndrome | A genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 7, leading to distinctive facial features, developmental delays, and cardiovascular problems. |
| Scoliosis | A medical condition in which a person’s spine curves sideways in an “S” or “C” shape. |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | Genetic disorders in which the body cannot properly metabolize certain nutrients due to enzyme deficiencies or dysfunctions. |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | An inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which is needed to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. |
| Microcephalous | A medical condition in which a person’s head is significantly smaller than normal for their age and sex, often due to abnormal brain development. |
| Hydrocephalus | A medical condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the brain’s ventricles, causing increased pressure on the brain. |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) | A group of conditions that occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy, affecting physical, behavioral, and cognitive development. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | The most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy. |
| Rubella (German Measles) | A viral infection that is generally mild in children and adults but can cause serious birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy. |
| Anoxia | A condition in which the body or a part of the body is completely deprived of oxygen |
| Low Birth Weight (LBW) | A baby born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams), regardless of gestational age. |
| Syphilis | A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. |
| Herpes Simplex | A viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that can affect the skin, mouth, or genitals. |
| Meningitis | An inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by infection from viruses, bacteria, or fungi. |
| Encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain itself, usually caused by a viral infection, but sometimes by bacteria or autoimmune reactions. |
| Mental Age | A measure of an individual’s intellectual functioning expressed as the age level at which they perform mentally, rather than their actual chronological age. |
| Chronological Age | A person’s actual age measured in years from the date of birth. |
| Working Memory (WM) | The ability to hold and manipulate information in your mind for a short period of time while performing tasks. |
| Metacognition | The awareness and understanding of one’s own thinking processes—essentially, “thinking about thinking.” |
| Self-Regulation | The ability to manage and control your emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in different situations. |
| Behavioral Phenotypes | The patterns of behavior, personality traits, or cognitive characteristics that are consistently associated with a specific genetic or medical condition. |
| Systematic Instruction | A structured, step-by-step teaching method used to help learners acquire new skills or knowledge, especially effective for individuals with learning or developmental disabilities. |
| Explicit Instruction | A teaching approach where skills or concepts are taught clearly and directly, with clear explanations, demonstrations, and guided practice. |
| Functional Academics | Academic skills taught in a way that helps students apply them to real-life situations. |
| Community Residential Facilities (CRFs) | Places where individuals with disabilities, mental health conditions, or other support needs live and receive care or services in a community setting. |
| Supported Living | A type of housing and service arrangement where individuals with disabilities live independently or semi-independently while receiving the support they need. |
| Deinstitutionalization | The process of moving people with disabilities, mental illness, or other special needs out of large, isolated institutions and into community-based living and support services. |
| Sheltered Workshop | A work environment where individuals with disabilities can perform tasks and earn wages in a supervised, structured setting. |
| Supported Competitive Employment | A type of work in the general community where individuals with disabilities are employed alongside people without disabilities and receive support as needed to succeed. |
| Job Coach | A professional who helps individuals with disabilities learn, maintain, and succeed in employment. |
| Self Determination | The ability to make choices and control one’s own life, including setting goals, making decisions, and taking actions to achieve them. |
| Person-Centered Planning | A process that focuses on the individual’s strengths, preferences, and goals to design supports and services that help them live a meaningful and fulfilling life. |
Created by:
chandlerhayes14