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bio quiz 2.4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the two types of reproduction? | asexual and sexual! |
| how many parents in asexual reproduction? | ONE |
| how many parents in sexual reproduction? | TWO |
| what happens with genetics in asexual reproduction? | genetically identical offspring |
| what happens with genetics in sexual reproduction? | offspring have DNA from both parents (genetic diversity) |
| what process does asexual reproduction involve? | cell division |
| what process does sexual reproduction involve? | involves cell division and more - meiosis & fertilization (takes longer, more complex) |
| what kind of cells do asexual reproduction? | prokaryotic organisms (binary fission) + eukaryotic organisms (mitosis & cytokinesis), unicellular organisms, some multicellular organisms |
| what kind of cells do sexual reproduction? | only eukaryotes, most multicellular organisms |
| please make sure to look at the diagram in the notes and on the worksheets of everything!! | yes maam! |
| what is sexual reproduction? | meiosis and fertilization to make gametes, join gametes together |
| what is a gamete? | reproductive cell (egg/sperm) haploid |
| what is a somatic cell? | non-productive cell (body cell) diploid |
| what is fertilization? | process of egg and sperm combining to make zygote (fertilized egg) |
| what is a haploid? | describes a cell that has one set of chromosomes, one of each type of chromosome for that organism. |
| what is a diploid? | describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes, two of each type of chromosome for that organism. |
| what does 'n' usually mean? what does it mean in diploid? | a set of chromosomes. in diploids its 2n because cell gets 1 from each parent. |
| what are homologous chromosomes? (2) | similar in size and shape (they look alike), contains similar genes NOT identical. |
| where do homologous chromosomes exist? | in diploid cells, one from egg, one from sperm |
| what is a tetrad? | pair of double rod homologous chromosomes attached to each other, 4 rods total. |
| what is crossing over? | pieces of homologous chromosomes within a tetrad break off & trade places. |
| mitotic cell cycle diploid to haploid correlation | 1 diploid cell (2n) -> 2 diploid cell (2n) |
| meiotic cell cycle diploid to haploid correlation | 1 diploid cell (2n) -> 4 haploid cells (n) |
| what are somatic cells? diploid or haploid? mitotic or meiotic? | nonproductive cells/body cells | always diploid | mitotic |
| what are gametes? diploid or haploid? mitotic or meiotic? | reproductive cells (egg & sperm) | always haploid | meiotic |
| what does sexual reproduction (meiosis & fertilization) lead to? | genetic recombination |
| what does genetic recombination lead to? | greater genetic diversity |
| why does genetic diversity happen? (2) | it's a different outcome because of meiosis (crossing over & random arrangement of chromosomes) - variety in gametes. | fertilization, randomness of which egg and sperm will fuse. |
| changes in chromosome number & structure is called ___ | mutations |
| what is nondisjunction? when can this happen? what does it result in? | when chromosomes/chromatids do NOT separate properly during meiosis | happens during meiosis 1 & 2 | results in monosomy (missing one chromosome 2n-1) or trisomy (one extra chromosome 2n+1) |
| what can nondisjunction cause? | cause miscarriage or certain differences in offspring (some called genetic conditions), can affect sex chromosomes. |
| what do chromosome structure mutations affect? | chunks of chromosomes (multiple genes) |
| what are the mutations that can happen? | 1) deletion: missing a piece 2) duplication: piece doubled 3) inversion: pieces within one chromosome switch places 4) translocation: pieces from 2 different non homologous chromosomes get exchanged. DIFF from crossing over!! |
| what is the result of mutations in offspring? | various differences in offspring of genetic conditions or miscarriages. |
| make sure you go over Meisois I & II on the worksheet. diagrams especially and comparing mitosis/meiosis | yes |
| what happens in prophase I of meiosis? | chromatin coils/condenses into chromosomes | nuclear membrane disappears | centrioles move to opposite sides or poles of cell, sets up spindle fibers. PLUS homologous chromosomes pair up forming tetrads, crossing over occurs. |
| what happens in metaphase I of meiosis? | paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up |
| what happens in anaphase I of meiosis? | double rod chromosomes separate from each other |
| what happens in telephase I of meiosis? | everything in mitosis except for result - made 2 haploid cells - already cut chromosome number in half. |
| what happens in prophase II? (4) | chromatin coils/condenses into chromosomes | nuclear membrane disappears | centrioles move to opposite sides or poles of cell | sets up spindle fibers. |
| what happens in metaphase II of meiosis? (2) | spindle fibers attach to centrometers and help chromosomes move into place | chromosomes line up single files in center of cell. |
| what happens in anaphase II of meiosis (1)? | double rod chromosomes split into single rod chromosomes which are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibers / sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposites by spindle fibers |
| what happens in telephase II of meiosis? (4) | chromosomes reach opposite ends of cells, uncoiling/uncondensing stopping tightly packed | chromatin is not in shape of chromosomes/reverting to chromatin state | new nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes (creates 2 nuclei) | spindle fibers go away |
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studying11