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AP-US history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Industrial Capitalism | Economic system based on large-scale manufacturing and capital investment. |
| Monopoly | Complete control of a product or service by one company. |
| Trust | Combination of corperations designed to reduce competition and control prices |
| Cartel | Association of companies that agree to control production and prices |
| Consolidation | Process of combining seperate companies into one larger entity |
| Vertigal integration | Company controls all stages of production from raw materials to finished product. |
| Horizontal integration | Companies buys out competitors in the same industry |
| Laissez-faire | Economic philosophy that government should not interfere in buisness |
| Industrialist | Person who owns or manages a large factory or manufacturing business |
| Captain of Industry | Positive term for industrialist credited with creating jobs |
| Robber Baron | Negative term for industrialist who uses unethical methods to accumulate wealth |
| Labor Union | Organization of workers formed to protect their interests |
| Strike | Work stoppage by employees to demand better conditions or wages |
| Collective Bargining | Negotiation between employees to demand better conditions or wages |
| Sweatshop | Workplace with poor conditions, long hours, and low pay. |
| Wages | Payment given to workers for labor. |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Labor organization founded in 1886 |
| Knights of Labor | Early labor organization focused on broad social reform |
| Migrant | Person who moves from one place to another within a country |
| Migration | Moving from one place to another |
| Push Factor | conditions that force people to leave their home |
| Pull Factor | Attractions that draw people to a new loaction |
| Nativism | Belief that native-born citizens should be favored over immigrants |
| Ethnic Enclave | Neighborhood where a particular ethnic group concentrates. |
| Assimilation | Process of adopting the culture of a new country |
| Tenement | Crowded apartment building with poor living conditions |
| Political Machine | Organization controlled by a boss that provides services for political support |
| Patronage | System of giving jobs and favors to supporters |
| Graft | Corruption through dishonest use of public office |
| Bribery | Offering payment to influence actions |
| Tariff | Tax on important goods |
| Subsidy | Goverment financial support to a buisness |
| Hard Money | Currency backed by gold |
| Soft Money | Paper currency not backed by gold |
| Greenback | Paper money issued during the Civil War |
| Gold Standard | Monetary system backed by gold |
| Populism | Political movement supporting goverment action to reduce inequality |
| Populist Party | Political party formed in 1892 to represent farmers and workers |
| Progressivism | Reform movement addressing industrial society problems |
| Temperance | Movement to reduce or eliminate alchohol consumption. |
| Social Darwinism | Belief that competition rewards rewards the stongest |
| Interstate Commerce Act | First federal law regulating buisness |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | Law prohibiting monopolies and trusts |
| Panic of 1873 | Many economic crisis exposing weaknesses in industrial capitalism |
| Omaha Platform | Populist party reform platform |
| Muckraking | Investigative jounalism jounalism exposing courruption and social problems |
| Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil | Tarbell's investigative jornalism on Standard Oil monopoly (1902-1904) |
| Upton Sinclair and The Jungle | 1906 muckraking novel depicting meatpacking conditions . |
| Antitrust Suit/ Trust-Busting | Federal legal actions against against monopolistic corperations under Roosevelt and Taft. |
| Labor Movement / Trade Unionism | Organized efforts by workers to improve condition through collective action. |
| Pullman Strike(1894) | Nationwide railroad strike met with federal troops that killed workers |
| Imperialism | Policy extended country's power through territorial aquisition and economic domination. |
| Monroe Doctrine(1823) | US policy declaring Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization |
| Roosevelt Corollary(1904) | Theodore Roosevelt's assertion of US right to intervene in Latin America |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Foreign policy using economic investments and financial pressure for influence |
| Spanish-American War(1898) | Military conflict with Spain resulting in American territorial acquisitions. |
| Phillippines/ Filipino-American War | American military occupation met with fierce Filipino resistance. |
| Anti-imperialism / Anti-Imperialist League | Political movement opposing American imperial expansion. |
| Civilization Mission | Ideological justification for imperialism based on Western superiority. |
| Manifest Destiny | 19th-century belif that American expansion was justified and inevitable . |
| Open Door Policy(1899) | American diplomatic initiative demanding equal commercial access to China. |
| Isolationism | policy of avoiding political and military entanglement with other nations. |
| Nutrality / Neutrality Acts | Official American non-involvement (1914-1917) with increasing economic support for allies |
| Preparedness Movement | Campaign advocating American military expansion for potantial war |
| Luistania(1915) | British ship sunk by German U-boat killing 128 Americans |
| Sussex Pledge (1916) | German promise not to sink merchant vessels without warning |
| Zimmerman Telegram(1917) | Secret German proposal to Mexico for alliance against United States. |
| American Expeditionary Forces(AEF) | American military forces under General Pershing numbering over 1 million troops |
| Selective Service / Conscription | Federal draft system compelling military service(1917) |
| Espionage Act & Sedition Act | Federal legislation criminalizing opposition to war. |
| Fourteen Points | Willson's peace proposal emphasizing self-determination and cooperation. |
| Treaty of versailles | Peace treaty with provision for Leauge of Nations ; US rejected membership. |
| Jazz Age | Cultural period characterized by jazz, modern art, and youth rebellion. |
| Harlem Renaissance | Flourishing of African American interllectual and artistic culture |
| The Great Migration | Mass movement of African American from rural South to northern cities . |
| Red Summer(1919) | Wave of race riots following WWI, triggered by white violence |
| Prohibition /Eighteenth Amendment | constitutional amendment banning alcohol manufacture and sale |
| Organized Crime/ Bootleggers | Criminal enterprises supplying illegal alcohol |
| Consumer Culture | Economic system emphasizing mass consumption |
| Mass Production/ Assembly Line | Industrial system using standardized parts ; pioneered by Ford. |
| Installment Buying / Credit | Consumer practice of puchasing goods and paying in installments |
| Stock Market Speculation | Widespread stock purchasing for quick profits |
| Great Depression | Sever economic crisis begenning with 1929 stock crash |
| New Deal | FDR's ambitious program of federal legislation and agencies |
| Relief, Recovery, Reform | Framework for New Deal objectives. |
| CCC | New Deal Program employing young men in enviromental conservation |
| WPA | New Deal agency employing millions on public works and art projects |
| AAA | Program paying farmers to reduce production |
| NRA | New deal agency for industrial recovery through codes |
| Social Security | Federal social insurance system |
| Wagner act | Legislation guarenteeing workers' right to unionize |
| Deficit Spending | Goverment spending more than collected in taxes |
| Recession of 1937 | Economic downturn after reduced New Deal spending |
| Aresenal of Democracy | FDR's description of U.S. as supplier to Allies. |
| Lend-Lease Program | Law providing military supplies to Allied nations. |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese surprise attack on U.S. naval base. |
| Mobilization/ Total War | Reorganization of economy and society for war |
| War Production Board | Agency directing industrial production. |
| Rosie the RIveter | Symbol of women workers in war industries |
| Executive Order 9066 | Order authorizing internment of Japanese Americans |
| Atomic Bomb | Nuclear weaponused on Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting shaping postwar Europe. |
| Potsdam Conference | Postwar Allied meeting defining occupation. |
| Cold War | Ideological, political, and military tension between US and Soviet Union. |
| Grand Alliance | Wartime coalition of US, Britian, and Soviet Union. |
| Containment | Policy aimed at preventing spread of communism |
| Truman Doctrine | Commitment to support nations resisting communism |
| Marshall Plan | Economic aid program to rebuild Europe |
| NATO | Military alliance uniting Western nations |
| Soviet Atomic Bomb | End of U.S. nuclear monopoly |
| NSC-68 | Document calling for massive miliary expansion |
| Korean War | Armed conflict to stop communist expansion. |
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