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Stack #4623176
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is normative ethics? | The study of what is right and wrong. |
| What is metaethics? | The study of ethical concepts and theories. |
| What is ethical relativism? | The view that there is no absolute theory for ethics; however, this doesn't mean everything is relative. People still need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues. |
| What is egoism as an ethical theory? | Ethics based on the idea that one's self-interest is the basis for ethical decisions. Not helpful in healthcare because professionals should set aside self-interest—the patient's interests should come first. |
| What is authority-based ethics? | Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as theology or ideology (e.g., Catholic Church, Jewish faith, American Medical Association, American Dietetic Association). |
| Who founded virtue ethics? | Aristotle |
| What is eudaimonia? | Seeking to build your character and increase virtue (the highest good in virtue ethics). It means actualizing your potential and becoming a person of practical wisdom. |
| What does virtue ethics emphasize? | Character development, practical wisdom, and actualizing one's highest good. Professional education seeks to develop people of high character. |
| Who founded natural law theory? | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| What are the main ideas of natural law theory? | Nature is rational and orderly; humans are part of the natural world with the ability to be rational; our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong; good is defined as that which helps maximize potential (preserving life, gaining wisdom, kn |
| What is the Principle of Double Effect associated with? | Natural law theory. It helps us decide which action is good when an action has both good and bad effects. |
| What does "deon" mean and what theory does it relate to? | "Deon" is Greek for "duty" and is the basis for deontology (duty-based ethics). |
| Who is the main deontological theorist? | Immanuel Kant |
| What are Kant's main ideas about ethics? | Free will makes ethics possible; the only true good is good will; actions are judged by their intention, not outcomes; we must act based on duty to moral law, not consequences. |
| What is the categorical imperative? | Kant's rational principle for making moral judgments. It includes: 1) the intent of the action matters, not the outcome, and 2) respect for persons—people can never be used as a means to an end, they must be respected. |
| Is the Golden Rule the same as the categorical imperative? | NO. The Golden Rule is "do unto others as you would have them do unto you." This is NOT a synonym for the categorical imperative, which is more complex and based on duty to moral law. |
| Who are the two non-Kantian deontologists? | John Rawls and Robert Nozick |
| What did John Rawls focus on? | Justice as fairness, the social contract, the "original position" thought experiment, and the "veil of ignorance" to explain why rational people would protect everyone's self-interests. |
| What are Rawls' two principles of justice? | 1) Liberty (priority principle)—people should have equal right to basic liberties; 2) Justification of inequalities—using the difference principle to justify when social/economic inequities are appropriate (e.g., physicians). |
| What did Robert Nozick focus on? | Individual autonomy and rights; conservative tradition; no social good that requires sacrifice; justice in acquisition and owned resources; opposes distributive justice. |
| What is consequentialism also known as? | Utilitarianism (through Mill's work) |
| What is the main principle of consequentialism? | "Greatest Good for the Greatest Number." Intentions are irrelevant—only outcomes matter. |
| What are the two types of utilitarianism? | 1) Classical/Act utilitarianism (each act considered on its own); 2) Rule utilitarianism (develop rules that net the greatest benefit) |
| Which type of utilitarianism is used to make healthcare policy? | Rule utilitarianism. Exceptions can be made under special circumstances, and it allows for negative consequentialism (preventing the greatest harm for the greatest number). |
| What is preference utilitarianism? | Good is honoring preferences and bad is frustrating preferences. Preferences must be known or a substituted judgment can be used. |
| What are criticisms of utilitarianism? | The minority is not protected when focusing on greatest good for greatest number; some say "the ends justify the means." However, these criticisms aren't fully valid because respect for autonomy and liberty is essential to the theory. |
| What is beneficence? | To act with charity and kindness or to "benefit." The principle of doing good. It is the requirement for healthcare staff to engage in higher-level altruism. |
| What is nonmaleficence? | Refraining from causing harm or preventing intentional harm from occurring. "Do no harm." |
| What is autonomy? | Respect for a person's right to self-determination and freedom from coercion. |
| What are the components of autonomy? | 1) Liberty (freedom from coercion)—freedom to choose without coercion or manipulation; 2) Self-determination—ability to access/understand and act upon information critical to making decisions; 3) Independence—able to act, reason, and decide for oneself; 4 |
| What are the TWO conditions necessary for autonomy in healthcare? | 1) Freedom from coercion, and 2) Able to verbalize one's decision. |
| What is veracity? | Honesty and truth-telling. Speaking what one believes to be the truth. |
| What is fidelity? | Faithfulness; duty to keep promises. Being faithful to your patients. |
| What is paternalism? | Making a decision for someone. Usually perceived as a negative principle, but one use is in shared decision-making when persons lack expertise to fully comprehend the data needed to make a decision. |
| What is the value of life principle? | Present in some form across time/cultures. Considered a primary principle and ordinarily has priority over other principles. Controversies include when life begins/ends and whether competent adults can decide to end their life. |
| What is distributive justice? | Pertains to the allocation of resources. May involve discrimination based on structural social problems, past discrimination, or misfortune/disability (NOT skin color). |
| What is a positive right? | A right that requires another to provide you with either a good or service. It is considered an entitlement. Social security is an example if the conditions for receiving it are met. |
| What is care ethics? | Implies there is 'moral meaning' in fundamental elements of relationships. Seeks to maintain relationships by considering context and promoting well-being of care-givers and care-receivers. Often viewed as a virtue and linked to feminism. |
| What is self-improvement as a principle? | Duty to improve our virtue and intelligence. Virtues include wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, fortitude, generosity, self-respect, and sincerity. |
| How do deontologists define harm? | Something that prevents you from doing your moral duty. |
| How do consequentialists define harm? | Something that goes against your self-interest. |
| How do virtue ethicists define harm? | Something that limits our potential. |
| How is harm defined in the clinical setting? | Something that negatively affects patients. |
| What is the "Medical Miranda" for competency? | Four questions to determine competency: 1. Does the patient understand his/her medical condition? 2. Does the patient understand the options and consequences of decisions? 3. Does the patient refuse medical treatment based on rational reasons? 4. If refus |
| What factors determine competency for personal healthcare decisions? | Understanding medical condition, understanding/stating consequences, rational reasons for refusal, and if religious belief—based on acceptable religious belief entitled to First Amendment protection. |
| What is incompetency? | Two categories: 1) End result (mental health definition—look at how person lives: able to care for self with health, food, shelter, clothing, finances); 2) Processes (listen; determine if person is making sense in decisions). |
| What is hospice care? | The model for quality, compassionate care for people facing life-limiting illness/injury. Team-oriented approach to expert medical care, pain management, emotional/spiritual support tailored to patient's needs/wishes. Designed for comfort rather than cure |
| What is the difference between ethics and morals? | Ethics: What is right or wrong based on reason (concepts, theories, principles); rules provided by external source (codes of conduct, religious principles). Morals: An individual's own principles regarding right and wrong based on social custom; place res |
| What is an ethical/moral dilemma? | A complex situation involving an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, where obeying one rule/principle would result in transgressing another. The agent is required to do one of two (or more) actions but cannot do all. |
| How do ethical dilemmas differ from legal questions? | Legal questions have right and wrong answers based on law. Ethical dilemmas have no perfect answers, just better answers. Legal rights must be afforded if there's conflict between ethical and legal rights. |
| What is the MORAL Model for ethical dilemmas? | Massage the dilemma (consider stakeholder options); Outline the options (examine pros/cons); Resolve the dilemma (apply principles to decide best option); Act by applying chosen option (implementation); Look back and evaluate (did everyone follow through) |
| What is a slippery slope argument? | The idea that a relatively small first step will lead to a chain of events culminating in a much more significant effect. |
| What format should APA references use? | Hanging indent format (first line flush left, subsequent lines indented) |
| How should book titles be formatted in APA? | Italics (NOT bold) |
| Should place of publication be included in APA 7th edition? | No, place of publication is no longer required in APA 7th edition. |
| How should chapter titles be capitalized in APA? | Sentence case (only first word and proper nouns capitalized), NOT title case |
| Should page numbers be included with edition numbers in APA? | Yes, page numbers should be included: (4th ed., pp. 71-83) |
| Question 1: What is the ethical principle of refraining from causing harm? | Nonmaleficence |
| Question 2: What principle applies when a surgeon makes a decision for an unresponsive patient in emergency? | Paternalism |
| Question 3: What does being faithful to your patients mean? | Fidelity |
| Question 4: What principle involves acting with charity and kindness? | Beneficence |
| Question 5: What is the study of what is right and wrong? | Normative ethics |
| Question 6: Virtue ethics is founded in the writings of which philosopher? | Aristotle |
| Question 7: What theory is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas? | Natural law theory |
| Question 8: What does ethical relativism purport? | There is no absolute theory for ethics |
| Question 9: The two non-Kantian deontologists are John Rawls and who? | Robert Nozick |
| Question 10: Which deontological theorist believed we must act based on duty to moral law? | Immanuel Kant |
| Question 11: What is the principle of double-effect associated with? | Natural law theory |
| Question 12: Which principle requires healthcare staff to engage in higher-level altruism? | Beneficence |
| Question 13: Have philosophers developed a satisfactory ethical theory that covers every situation? | False. There is no pure ethical theory; each has strengths and weaknesses. |
| Question 14: The two conditions necessary for autonomy in healthcare are freedom from coercion and what? | Able to verbalize one's decision |
| Question 15: According to Rawls, what is the first principle of justice? | Liberty (priority principle) |
| Question 16: Does Nozick support distributive justice? | False. Nozick opposes distributive justice. |
| Question 17: In consequentialism/utilitarianism, what matters most? | Outcomes (intentions are irrelevant) |
| Question 18: What phrase is associated with utilitarianism? | "Greatest Good for the Greatest Number" |
| Question 19: What does Kant's categorical imperative include? (Select all) | The intent of the action matters not the outcome; Respect for persons—never used as a means to an end; Duty to moral law |
| Question 20: In virtue ethics, character development allows you to do what? | Actualize your highest good |
| Question 21: What is the Golden Rule? | "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" - which is NOT the same as Kant's categorical imperative |
| Question 22: What term describes Kant's rational principle for making moral judgments? | Categorical imperative |
| Question 23: What type of right requires another to provide you with a good or service? | Positive right |
| Question 24: Eudaimonia means seeking to build character and increase what? | Virtue |
| Question 25: What type of utilitarianism is used to make healthcare policy? | Rule utilitarianism |
| Question 26: Which are examples of Authority-based ethics? (Select all) | The American Dietetic Association; Catholic church; Jewish faith; The American Medical Association |
| Question 27: In the triplets case, which principles support the physician's emergency C-section decision? | Utilitarianism; Principle of Double Effect; Virtue ethics |
| Question 28: Distributive justice discrimination may be based on what? (Select all) | Structural social problems; Past discrimination; Misfortune or disability (NOT skin color) |
| Question 29: Which statements are correct? (Select all) | The principle of double effect is associated with natural law theory; Olson states ethics-related situations involving wrongdoing should be resolved by system analysis and reform; Harm in clinical setting is something that negatively affects patients |
| Question 30: What are the components of autonomy? (Select all) | Liberty (freedom from coercion); Self-determination; Independence; Agency |
| Question 31: What is incorrect about an APA reference with book in bold and no hanging indent? | It is not in hanging indent format; The title of the book should be italics not bold |
| True/False: The Golden Rule and Kant's categorical imperative mean the same thing | False. Kant specifically stated they are NOT the same. |
| True/False: Is egoism a helpful ethical theory in healthcare? | False. Egoism is NOT helpful because it focuses on one's own self-interest, but healthcare professionals should put patient's interests first. |
| True/False: In virtue ethics, everything moves from potentiality to actuality through character development | True |
| True/False: Natural law theory assumes nature is rational and orderly | True |
| True/False: In deontology, free will makes ethics possible and the only true good is good will | True |
| True/False: John Rawls' first principle of justice is equality and has equal priority with second principle | False. Rawls' first principle is LIBERTY (not equality), and it has PRIORITY over all other principles. |
| True/False: Robert Nozick supports distributive justice | False. Nozick opposes distributive justice and emphasizes individual autonomy and rights. |
| True/False: In rule utilitarianism, exceptions can never be made to the rules | False. Rule utilitarianism allows for exceptions under special circumstances. |
| True/False: Competence includes self-determination, independence, and agency | True |
| True/False: Hospice care is designed for cure rather than comfort | False - hospice is designed for COMFORT rather than cure. |
| True/False: Ethics and morals are exactly the same thing | False. Ethics refers to external rules based on reason; morals refer to individual's personal principles. |
| True/False: Legal questions have right and wrong answers while ethical dilemmas have better answers | True |
| True/False: Care ethics is often linked to feminism and focuses on relationships and context | True |
| True/False: According to principle of double effect, an action can be ethical if it has both good and bad effects | True. If the intended effect is good and the bad effect is unintended (though foreseen), the action can be ethical. |
| True/False: All criticisms of utilitarianism are valid and the theory has been abandoned | False. While criticisms exist, they aren't entirely valid because respect for autonomy and liberty is essential to the theory. |
| What did Nurse Alex Wubbels refuse in the Utah ER case? | She refused to allow a police officer to obtain a blood sample from an unconscious patient without consent, arrest, or warrant. |
| What ethical principles did Nurse Wubbels demonstrate? | Autonomy (protecting patient rights); Fidelity (being faithful to patient); Nonmaleficence (preventing harm); Veracity (truth-telling); Advocacy |
| What was the hospital's response to the Utah nurse incident? | Implemented new policy requiring law enforcement to check in at front desk; publicly supported Nurse Wubbels; advocated for her release |
| What was Jerika Bolen's medical condition? | Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 2, a progressive degenerative disease causing severe pain and suffering |
| What are the four questions in Medical Miranda for competency? | 1) Does patient understand medical condition? 2) Does patient understand options/consequences? 3) Does patient refuse based on rational reasons? 4) If religious refusal, are beliefs acceptable/protected? |
| Was Jerika Bolen experiencing a terminal illness? | Debatable. SMA Type 2 is progressive and degenerative but not immediately terminal (death within 6 months). Quality of life was severely compromised. |
| What are ethical considerations for hospice care for Jerika Bolen? | Hospice designed for comfort not physician-assisted death; Principle of Double Effect; Beneficence vs autonomy; Value of Life principle; Justice in resource allocation |
| Match: Aristotle | Virtue Ethics |
| Match: St. Thomas Aquinas | Natural Law Theory |
| Match: Immanuel Kant | Deontology (main theorist) |
| Match: John Rawls | Non-Kantian Deontology (justice as fairness) |
| Match: Robert Nozick | Non-Kantian Deontology (individual rights, opposes distributive justice) |
| Match: John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism/Consequentialism |
| Match principle: Do no harm | Nonmaleficence |
| Match principle: Do good; act with charity | Beneficence |
| Match principle: Truth-telling and honesty | Veracity |
| Match principle: Faithfulness; keeping promises | Fidelity |
| Match principle: Respect for self-determination | Autonomy |
| Match principle: Making decisions for someone | Paternalism |
| Match principle: Fair allocation of resources | Justice |
| Match concept: Eudaimonia and practical wisdom | Virtue Ethics |
| Match concept: Principle of Double Effect | Natural Law |
| Match concept: Categorical imperative | Deontology |
| Match concept: Greatest good for greatest number | Consequentialism |
| Match concept: Character development | Virtue Ethics |
| Match concept: Duty to moral law | Deontology |
| Match concept: St. Thomas Aquinas founded | Natural Law |
| Match concept: Outcomes matter not intentions | Consequentialism |
| Name one Benedictine value matching nursing ethical principles | Community, Hospitality, Stewardship, or Respect for persons |
| What theory supports life-saving abortion for severe preeclampsia? | Natural law (Principle of Double Effect) - intended effect is saving mother's life; fetal death is foreseen but unintended |
| What principle supports prophylactic mastectomy for BRCA gene mutation? | Autonomy - her right to make informed decisions about her own body |
| If medical students discuss patient's HIV status in elevator, what principle is violated? | Fidelity - maintaining confidentiality and keeping promises to patients |
| Hospital policy that patients over 80 cannot receive kidney transplants is example of? | Distributive justice - allocation of scarce resources |
| Are slippery slope arguments always valid? | False. While sometimes valid concerns, they're not always logical and shouldn't be sole basis for ethical decisions. |
| In the dementia patient refusing to eat case, does patient understand medical condition (Q1)? | Likely NO due to advanced dementia - may not comprehend diagnosis, prognosis, or current situation |
| In dementia case, does patient understand options and consequences (Q2)? | Likely NO - probably cannot understand refusing food leads to death or comprehend feeding tube implications |
| In dementia case, is refusal based on rational reasons (Q3)? | Unclear/Probably NO - refusal may be due to disease progression, inability to swallow, or confusion rather than rational decision |
| In dementia case, what is the competency conclusion? | Patient likely lacks competency due to dementia. Requires surrogate decision-maker, substituted judgment, or best interest standard |
| 16-year-old Jehovah's Witness refuses transfusion: Which principle supports their autonomy? | Autonomy - but limited by minor status. Religious beliefs are protected but she's not legally competent at 16 |
| Jehovah's Witness case: How would Natural Law approach this? | Life preservation is paramount; maximizing potential includes staying alive. Would support transfusion. |
| Jehovah's Witness case: How would Deontology approach this? | Duty to respect persons and autonomous choices. Categorical imperative: respect patient as end, don't use as means. Would support respecting refusal IF truly autonomous. |
| Jehovah's Witness case: How would Utilitarianism approach this? | Greatest good = saving life. Would support transfusion. |
| Jehovah's Witness case: What is likely resolution? | Courts often order transfusions for minors despite religious objections because minors cannot fully consent and life preservation takes priority |
| Pandemic ventilator allocation: How would Utilitarianism approach? | Allocate to those most likely to survive; consider life-years saved; greatest good for greatest number; may use triage scoring |
| Pandemic ventilator: How would Kant/Deontology approach? | Every person has inherent dignity; cannot use some as means to benefit others; might support lottery system (random = equal respect); duty to treat all equally |
| Pandemic ventilator: How would Rawls approach? | Original position/veil of ignorance: design system not knowing if you'll need ventilator; would want system protecting everyone's interests; first come first served OR priority to worst-off |
| Pandemic ventilator: How would Nozick approach? | Private property/acquisition rights; if ventilators privately owned, owner decides; no forced redistribution; less helpful for public health crisis |
| Pandemic ventilator: How would Natural Law approach? | Preserve life when possible; Principle of Double Effect: intend to save those you can, deaths of others foreseen but unintended; prioritize those who can maximize potential |
| Pandemic ventilator: How would Virtue Ethics approach? | Person of practical wisdom balances competing goods; consider likelihood of survival, life stage, social roles, random chance; compassion for all while making difficult choices |
| Patient repeatedly said "never want to know if cancer comes back" - should physician tell truth? | Ethical dilemma - Veracity (truth-telling) vs Autonomy (respecting stated wish not to know) vs Beneficence (what truly benefits patient). No perfect answer. |
| Cancer disclosure: Arguments FOR telling | Veracity principle; patient needs info for end-of-life planning; "never want to know" may have meant when curable not terminal; autonomy requires information |
| Cancer disclosure: Arguments AGAINST telling | Respect patient's clearly stated wish; patient's autonomy is choosing not to know; some philosophies say lying permissible to avoid harm; beneficence - not knowing may preserve quality of life |
| Nurse notices physician making repeated medication errors - what should nurse do? | Document everything; follow chain of command; file incident reports; escalate to higher administration; use ethics committee; external reporting if necessary; whistleblower protections |
| Medication errors case: Which principle takes priority? | Nonmaleficence (duty to prevent harm to patients) takes priority. Patient safety ALWAYS trumps physician reputation, hospital revenue, or fear of conflict |
| Medication errors: How does Deontology apply? | Duty to protect patients overrides all other considerations. Moral law requires action. |
| Medication errors: How does Utilitarianism apply? | Stopping one physician from harming multiple patients creates greatest good. |
| Medication errors: How does Virtue Ethics apply? | Courage and practical wisdom required to do right thing despite difficulty. This builds moral character. |
| 80-year-old with dementia and advance directive saying "no tubes, comfort care only" - what should team do? | Follow the advance directive. It represents her autonomous wishes when competent. Provide comfort care, pain management, but no feeding tube or ventilator. |
| Advance directive case: Which principle is paramount? | Autonomy - the advance directive IS her autonomous voice when she cannot speak. She made this decision when competent specifically for situations like this. |
| Advance directive: What if family wants "everything done"? | Compassionate communication with family, but advance directive must be followed. Patient's wishes take precedence over family's current wishes. Offer ethics committee consultation. |
| Advance directive: What about substituted judgment? | Not needed here - we don't need to guess patient's wishes because she TOLD US in her advance directive |
| Advance directive: Legal considerations? | Advance directives are legal documents. Violating could constitute battery. Team protected when following directives, liable when violating them. |
| What happened in Utah ER nurse case? | Nurse Alex Wubbels refused to allow Officer Payne to obtain blood from unconscious patient without consent, arrest, or warrant. Officer forcefully arrested her. She was later released without charges. |
| Utah nurse: What principles did Wubbels demonstrate? | Autonomy (protecting patient rights); Fidelity (faithful to patient); Nonmaleficence (preventing harm); Veracity (truthful about policy); Advocacy; Professional integrity |
| Utah nurse: How does Deontology evaluate the arrest? | OPPOSES arrest. Officer violated duty to uphold constitutional law; his intent was to intimidate; he used nurse as means to end; action cannot be universalized |
| Utah nurse: How does Utilitarianism evaluate the arrest? | OPPOSES arrest. Outcomes were terrible - nurse traumatized, relations damaged, trust harmed, no blood sample obtained. Did NOT produce greatest good. |
| Utah nurse: What was hospital's ethical response? | Beneficence (protecting future patients/workers); Nonmaleficence (preventing future harm); Fidelity (supporting employee); Justice (systemic reform); Autonomy (protecting patient rights) |
| Jerika Bolen competency Q1: Does she understand her medical condition? | YES - she has lived with SMA Type 2 her entire 14 years, experiences symptoms daily, likely has better understanding than most patients |
| Jerika Bolen competency Q2: Does she understand options and consequences? | PARTIALLY/UNCERTAIN - understands options but whether any 14-year-old can fully comprehend death's finality is questionable due to incomplete brain development |
| Jerika Bolen competency Q3: Based on rational reasons? | YES - her reasons are rational: unbearable pain, loss of dignity, poor quality of life, progressive worsening. Reasoning is coherent. |
| Jerika Bolen competency Q4: Religious beliefs? | NOT APPLICABLE - decision not based on religious beliefs but on quality of life and suffering |
| Jerika Bolen: Overall competency determination? | She has functional competency (understands, reasons well) but lacks legal competency (minor status) and questionable developmental competency (brain maturation for grasping consequences) |
| Jerika Bolen case: How would Nozick view society providing free hospice? | Society has NO OBLIGATION. Individual rights focus; no social good requiring sacrifice; taxation as theft; voluntary charity allowed but not forced redistribution. |
| Jerika Bolen case: How would Rawls view society providing free hospice? | Society SHOULD provide as part of just healthcare system. Veil of ignorance: you'd want system protecting you if you were Jerika; difference principle: benefits worst-off; justice as fairness. |
| MORAL Model: What does M stand for? | Massage the dilemma (consider stakeholder options) |
| MORAL Model: What does O stand for? | Outline the options (examine pros and cons) |
| MORAL Model: What does R stand for? | Resolve the dilemma (apply principles to decide best option) |
| MORAL Model: What does A stand for? | Act by applying chosen option (implementation) |
| MORAL Model: What does L stand for? | Look back and evaluate (did everyone follow through) |
| Pharmaceutical company charges $50,000 for drug costing $500 to make - Nozick's view? | SUPPORTS company's right. Justice in acquisition; entitlement theory; no forced redistribution; voluntary exchange; research funding justifies high prices. |
| Drug pricing - Rawls' view? | OPPOSES $50,000 price as unjust. Veil of ignorance: design system ensuring access for everyone; difference principle: inequality doesn't benefit worst-off; justice as fairness violated. |
| Drug pricing - Utilitarian view? | OPPOSES high pricing. More lives saved if affordable = greater good. Current pricing: few wealthy treated, many poor die = less total good. |
| Drug pricing - Deontological view? | Question: Do people have RIGHT to life-saving medication? If power to save lives without unreasonable sacrifice, you should. Using poor as "means" rather than "ends"? |
| Drug pricing - Virtue Ethics view? | Person of practical wisdom would not price at 100x cost. Virtues: justice, compassion, generosity vs greed. Company lacks virtue. |
| 25-year-old pregnant Jehovah's Witness refuses blood transfusion - what autonomy considerations? | She is adult, conscious, competent; clearly understands condition and consequences; decision based on sincere religious beliefs; repeatedly refused; husband supports. Autonomy STRONGLY supports respecting refusal. |
| Pregnant Jehovah's Witness - Value of Life consideration? | Two lives at stake (mother and viable fetus); life ordinarily has priority; BUT autonomy can override in cases of competent adult refusal |
| Pregnant Jehovah's Witness - what should be done? | RESPECT HER REFUSAL - do NOT transfuse. Provide all other interventions (fluids, medications, surgery, blood substitutes acceptable to faith). Document thoroughly. Provide emotional support. |
| Pregnant Jehovah's Witness - why NOT transfuse against will? | She is legally/ethically competent; violates autonomy; violates religious freedom (First Amendment); constitutes battery; destroys trust; likely illegal; sets terrible precedent |
| Pregnant Jehovah's Witness - Supreme Court precedent? | Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable search/seizure of body; competent adults can refuse even life-saving treatment; religious freedom protected |
| 92-year-old dementia patient with pneumonia - family wants "everything done" - what principles apply? | Autonomy (patient's prior wishes); Paternalism (family deciding); Substituted judgment; Best interest standard; Quality vs sanctity of life; Beneficence vs nonmaleficence conflict; Fidelity to stated wishes |
| How would Rawls analyze Utah nurse case using veil of ignorance? | Behind veil, rational people would design system protecting patient rights, supporting nurses who follow policy, and ensuring trained people handle legal issues - exactly what hospital implemented |
| How would Kant analyze physician giving blood to Jehovah's Witness against will? | VIOLATES categorical imperative. Using her body as means to save lives. Cannot respect persons while violating autonomous decisions. Intent matters - forcing treatment shows lack of respect. |
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