Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Stack #4623161
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is normative ethics? | The study of what is right and wrong. |
| What is metaethics? | The study of ethical concepts and theories. |
| What is ethical relativism? | The view that there is no absolute theory for ethics; however, this doesn't mean everything is relative. People still need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues. |
| What is egoism as an ethical theory? | Ethics based on the idea that one's self-interest is the basis for ethical decisions. Not helpful in healthcare because professionals should set aside self-interest—the patient's interests should come first. |
| What is authority-based ethics? | Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as theology or ideology (e.g., Catholic Church, Jewish faith, American Medical Association, American Dietetic Association). |
| Who founded virtue ethics? | Aristotle |
| What is eudaimonia? | Seeking to build your character and increase virtue (the highest good in virtue ethics). It means actualizing your potential and becoming a person of practical wisdom. |
| What does virtue ethics emphasize? | Character development, practical wisdom, and actualizing one's highest good. Professional education seeks to develop people of high character. |
| Who founded natural law theory? | St. Thomas Aquinas |
| What are the main ideas of natural law theory? | Nature is rational and orderly; humans are part of the natural world with the ability to be rational; our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong; good is defined as that which helps maximize potential (preserving life, gaining wisdom, kn |
| What is the Principle of Double Effect associated with? | Natural law theory. It helps us decide which action is good when an action has both good and bad effects. |
| What does "deon" mean and what theory does it relate to? | "Deon" is Greek for "duty" and is the basis for deontology (duty-based ethics). |
| Who is the main deontological theorist? | Immanuel Kant |
| What are Kant's main ideas about ethics? | Free will makes ethics possible; the only true good is good will; actions are judged by their intention, not outcomes; we must act based on duty to moral law, not consequences. |
| What is the categorical imperative? | Kant's rational principle for making moral judgments. It includes: 1) the intent of the action matters, not the outcome, and 2) respect for persons—people can never be used as a means to an end, they must be respected. |
| Is the Golden Rule the same as the categorical imperative? | NO. The Golden Rule is "do unto others as you would have them do unto you." This is NOT a synonym for the categorical imperative, which is more complex and based on duty to moral law. |
| Who are the two non-Kantian deontologists? | John Rawls and Robert Nozick |
| What did John Rawls focus on? | Justice as fairness, the social contract, the "original position" thought experiment, and the "veil of ignorance" to explain why rational people would protect everyone's self-interests. |
| What are Rawls' two principles of justice? | 1) Liberty (priority principle)—people should have equal right to basic liberties; 2) Justification of inequalities—using the difference principle to justify when social/economic inequities are appropriate (e.g., physicians). |
| What did Robert Nozick focus on? | Individual autonomy and rights; conservative tradition; no social good that requires sacrifice; justice in acquisition and owned resources; opposes distributive justice. |
| What is consequentialism also known as? | Utilitarianism (through Mill's work) |
| What is the main principle of consequentialism? | "Greatest Good for the Greatest Number." Intentions are irrelevant—only outcomes matter. |
| What are the two types of utilitarianism? | 1) Classical/Act utilitarianism (each act considered on its own); 2) Rule utilitarianism (develop rules that net the greatest benefit) |
| Which type of utilitarianism is used to make healthcare policy? | Rule utilitarianism. Exceptions can be made under special circumstances, and it allows for negative consequentialism (preventing the greatest harm for the greatest number). |
| What is preference utilitarianism? | Good is honoring preferences and bad is frustrating preferences. Preferences must be known or a substituted judgment can be used. |
| What are criticisms of utilitarianism? | The minority is not protected when focusing on greatest good for greatest number; some say "the ends justify the means." However, these criticisms aren't fully valid because respect for autonomy and liberty is essential to the theory. |
| What is beneficence? | To act with charity and kindness or to "benefit." The principle of doing good. It is the requirement for healthcare staff to engage in higher-level altruism. |
| What is nonmaleficence? | Refraining from causing harm or preventing intentional harm from occurring. "Do no harm." |
| What is autonomy? | Respect for a person's right to self-determination and freedom from coercion. |
| What are the components of autonomy? | 1) Liberty (freedom from coercion)—freedom to choose without coercion or manipulation; 2) Self-determination—ability to access/understand and act upon information critical to making decisions; 3) Independence—able to act, reason, and decide for oneself; 4 |
| What are the TWO conditions necessary for autonomy in healthcare? | 1) Freedom from coercion, and 2) Able to verbalize one's decision. |
| What is veracity? | Honesty and truth-telling. Speaking what one believes to be the truth. |
| What is fidelity? | Faithfulness; duty to keep promises. Being faithful to your patients. |
| What is paternalism? | Making a decision for someone. Usually perceived as a negative principle, but one use is in shared decision-making when persons lack expertise to fully comprehend the data needed to make a decision. |
| What is the value of life principle? | Present in some form across time/cultures. Considered a primary principle and ordinarily has priority over other principles. Controversies include when life begins/ends and whether competent adults can decide to end their life. |
| What is distributive justice? | Pertains to the allocation of resources. May involve discrimination based on structural social problems, past discrimination, or misfortune/disability (NOT skin color). |
| What is a positive right? | A right that requires another to provide you with either a good or service. It is considered an entitlement. Social security is an example if the conditions for receiving it are met. |
| What is care ethics? | Implies there is 'moral meaning' in fundamental elements of relationships. Seeks to maintain relationships by considering context and promoting well-being of care-givers and care-receivers. Often viewed as a virtue and linked to feminism. |
| What is self-improvement as a principle? | Duty to improve our virtue and intelligence. Virtues include wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, fortitude, generosity, self-respect, and sincerity. |
| How do deontologists define harm? | Something that prevents you from doing your moral duty. |
| How do consequentialists define harm? | Something that goes against your self-interest. |
| How do virtue ethicists define harm? | Something that limits our potential. |
| How is harm defined in the clinical setting? | Something that negatively affects patients. |
| What is the "Medical Miranda" for competency? | Four questions to determine competency: 1. Does the patient understand his/her medical condition? 2. Does the patient understand the options and consequences of decisions? 3. Does the patient refuse medical treatment based on rational reasons? 4. If refus |
| What factors determine competency for personal healthcare decisions? | Understanding medical condition, understanding/stating consequences, rational reasons for refusal, and if religious belief—based on acceptable religious belief entitled to First Amendment protection. |
| What is incompetency? | Two categories: 1) End result (mental health definition—look at how person lives: able to care for self with health, food, shelter, clothing, finances); 2) Processes (listen; determine if person is making sense in decisions). |
| What is hospice care? | The model for quality, compassionate care for people facing life-limiting illness/injury. Team-oriented approach to expert medical care, pain management, emotional/spiritual support tailored to patient's needs/wishes. Designed for comfort rather than cure |
| What is the difference between ethics and morals? | Ethics: What is right or wrong based on reason (concepts, theories, principles); rules provided by external source (codes of conduct, religious principles). Morals: An individual's own principles regarding right and wrong based on social custom; place res |
| What is an ethical/moral dilemma? | A complex situation involving an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, where obeying one rule/principle would result in transgressing another. The agent is required to do one of two (or more) actions but cannot do all. |
| How do ethical dilemmas differ from legal questions? | Legal questions have right and wrong answers based on law. Ethical dilemmas have no perfect answers, just better answers. Legal rights must be afforded if there's conflict between ethical and legal rights. |
| What is the MORAL Model for ethical dilemmas? | Massage the dilemma (consider stakeholder options); Outline the options (examine pros/cons); Resolve the dilemma (apply principles to decide best option); Act by applying chosen option (implementation); Look back and evaluate (did everyone follow through) |
| What is a slippery slope argument? | The idea that a relatively small first step will lead to a chain of events culminating in a much more significant effect. |
| What format should APA references use? | Hanging indent format (first line flush left, subsequent lines indented) |
| How should book titles be formatted in APA? | Italics (NOT bold) |
| Should place of publication be included in APA 7th edition? | No, place of publication is no longer required in APA 7th edition. |
| How should chapter titles be capitalized in APA? | Sentence case (only first word and proper nouns capitalized), NOT title case |
| Should page numbers be included with edition numbers in APA? | Yes, page numbers should be included: (4th ed., pp. 71-83) |
| What is the ethical principle of refraining from causing harm? | Nonmaleficence |
| What principle applies when a surgeon makes a decision for an unresponsive patient? | Paternalism |
| What does fidelity mean in healthcare ethics? | Being faithful to your patients; keeping promises |
| What principle involves acting with charity and kindness? | Beneficence |
| Virtue ethics is founded in the writings of which philosopher? | Aristotle |
| What theory is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas? | Natural law theory |
| What does ethical relativism purport? | There is no absolute theory for ethics |
| The two non-Kantian deontologists are John Rawls and who? | Robert Nozick |
| Which deontological theorist believed we must act based on duty to moral law? | Immanuel Kant |
| What is the principle of double-effect associated with? | Natural law theory |
| Which principle requires healthcare staff to engage in higher-level altruism? | Beneficence |
| Have philosophers developed a satisfactory ethical theory that covers every situation? | False. There is no pure ethical theory; each has strengths and weaknesses. |
| The two conditions necessary for autonomy in healthcare are freedom from coercion and what? | Able to verbalize one's decision |
| According to Rawls, what is the first principle of justice? | Liberty (priority principle) |
| Does Nozick support distributive justice? | No, Nozick opposes distributive justice |
| In consequentialism/utilitarianism, what matters most? | Outcomes (intentions are irrelevant) |
| What phrase is associated with utilitarianism? | "Greatest Good for the Greatest Number" |
| What does the Golden Rule state? | "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" - which is NOT the same as Kant's categorical imperative |
| What is Kant's rational principle for making moral judgments called? | Categorical imperative |
| What type of right requires another to provide you with a good or service? | Positive right |
| In virtue ethics, eudaimonia means seeking to build character and increase what? | Virtue |
| What type of utilitarianism is used to make healthcare policy? | Rule utilitarianism |
| The Golden Rule and Kant's categorical imperative mean the same thing - True or False? | False. Kant specifically stated they are NOT the same. |
| Is egoism a helpful ethical theory in healthcare? | False. Egoism is NOT helpful because it focuses on one's own self-interest, but healthcare professionals should put patient's interests first. |
| In virtue ethics, does everything move from potentiality to actuality through character development? | True |
| Does natural law theory assume nature is rational and orderly? | True |
| In deontology, does free will make ethics possible? | True. Kant believed free will makes ethics possible and the only true good is good will. |
| Is John Rawls' first principle of justice equality? | False. Rawls' first principle is LIBERTY (not equality), and it has PRIORITY over all other principles. |
| Does Robert Nozick support distributive justice? | False. Nozick opposes distributive justice and emphasizes individual autonomy and rights. |
| In rule utilitarianism, can exceptions ever be made to the rules? | True. Rule utilitarianism allows for exceptions under special circumstances. |
| Does competence include self-determination, independence, and agency? | True |
| Is hospice care designed for cure or comfort? | False - hospice is designed for COMFORT rather than cure. |
| Are ethics and morals exactly the same thing? | False. Ethics refers to external rules based on reason; morals refer to individual's personal principles. |
| Do legal questions have right and wrong answers while ethical dilemmas have better answers? | True |
| Is care ethics often linked to feminism and focuses on relationships? | True |
| According to the principle of double effect, can an action be ethical if it has both good and bad effects? | True. If the intended effect is good and the bad effect is unintended (though foreseen), the action can be ethical. |
| Are all criticisms of utilitarianism valid? | False. While criticisms exist, they aren't entirely valid because respect for autonomy and liberty is essential to the theory. |
| What did Nurse Alex Wubbels refuse to allow in the Utah ER case? | She refused to allow a police officer to obtain a blood sample from an unconscious patient without consent, arrest, or warrant. |
| What ethical principles did Nurse Wubbels demonstrate? | Autonomy (protecting patient rights), Fidelity (being faithful to patient), Nonmaleficence (preventing harm), Veracity (truth-telling), and Advocacy |
| What was the hospital's response to the Utah nurse incident? | Implemented new policy requiring law enforcement to check in at front desk; publicly supported Nurse Wubbels; advocated for her release |
| What was Jerika Bolen's medical condition? | Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 2, a progressive degenerative disease causing severe pain and suffering |
| What are the four questions in the Medical Miranda for competency? | 1) Does patient understand medical condition? 2) Does patient understand options/consequences? 3) Does patient refuse based on rational reasons? 4) If religious refusal, are beliefs acceptable/protected? |
| Match theorist to theory: Aristotle | Virtue Ethics |
| Match theorist to theory: St. Thomas Aquinas | Natural Law Theory |
| Match theorist to theory: Immanuel Kant | Deontology (main theorist) |
| Match theorist to theory: John Rawls | Non-Kantian Deontology (justice as fairness) |
| Match theorist to theory: Robert Nozick | Non-Kantian Deontology (individual rights, opposes distributive justice) |
| Match theorist to theory: John Stuart Mill | Utilitarianism/Consequentialism |
| What concept is associated with virtue ethics? | Eudaimonia and practical wisdom; character development |
| What concept is associated with natural law theory? | Principle of Double Effect |
| What concept is associated with deontology? | Categorical imperative; duty to moral law |
| What concept is associated with consequentialism? | Greatest good for greatest number; outcomes matter not intentions |
| Name one Benedictine value that matches nursing ethical principles | Community, Hospitality, Stewardship, or Respect for persons |
| What theory would support performing a life-saving abortion when the mother has severe preeclampsia? | Natural law (Principle of Double Effect) - the intended effect is saving mother's life; fetal death is foreseen but unintended |
| What principle supports a woman's right to choose prophylactic mastectomy if she has BRCA gene mutation? | Autonomy - her right to make informed decisions about her own body |
| If medical students discuss a patient's HIV status in an elevator, what principle is violated? | Fidelity - maintaining confidentiality and keeping promises to patients |
| A hospital policy that patients over 80 cannot receive kidney transplants is an example of what? | Distributive justice - allocation of scarce resources |
| Are slippery slope arguments always valid? | False. While sometimes valid concerns, they're not always logical and shouldn't be the sole basis for ethical decisions. |
Created by:
user-2022676