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Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adaptive behavior | the social and practical intelligence used in people's every day lives; along with IQ, is considered in making a determination of intellectual disability |
| social intelligence | ones ability to understand and interpret social interactions between people |
| practical intelligence | ability to solve everyday problems |
| supports | strategies and resources that a person requires to participate in activities associated with normative human functioning |
| mild | IQ of 50-70 |
| moderate | IQ of 35-50 |
| severe | IQ of 20-35 |
| profounds | IQ below 20 |
| prenatal | before birth |
| perinatal | at the time of birth |
| chromosomal disorders | any several syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in intellectual disability |
| Down syndrome (trisomy 21) | anomaly at the 21st set of chromosomes |
| chromosome | a rode-shapped entity in the nucleus of the cell; contains genes, which convey hereditary characteristics ; each cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes |
| Maternal serum screening | blood test that is used to check for "markers" in the mother's blood that suggests an increased likelihood of down syndrome |
| Nuchal translucency ultrasound | allows physician to see the fluid from behind the fetus's neck |
| amniocentesis | a sample of amniotic fluid from the sac around the fetus analyzed for certain proteins that are possible markers for down syndrome |
| spina bifida | a condition in which the spinal column fails to close properly while in the womb |
| chronic villus sampling (CVS) | physical takes a sample of villi and tests them for chromosomal abnormalities |
| Fragile X syndrome | most common known hereditary cause of intellectual disability |
| Prader-willi syndrome | result of a genetic abnormality but very few cases are inherited |
| Williams syndrome | caused by the absence of material on the seventh pair of chromosomes |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | result of inherited deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | inability of the body to convert a common dietary substance, phenylalanine, to tyrosine; abnormal brain development |
| microcephalous | the head is abnormally small and conical in shape |
| hydrocephalus | accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) | a range of disorders in children born to women who have consumed alcohol while pregnant |
| fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | children are characterized by a variety of abnormal facial features and growth retardation as well as intellectual disabilities |
| Rubella (German Measles) | potential cause of blindness, can result in intellectual disability |
| anoxia | complete deprivation of oxygen |
| Low birth Weight (LBW) | can result in a variety of behavioral and medical disabilities |
| syphilis | a general disease that can cause mental subnormality in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother to be during the latter stages of fetal development |
| herpes simplex | a viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother to be in the later stages of fetal development, it can cause mental subnormality in the child |
| meningitis | infection of the covering of the brain that can cause intellectual disability |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain, affects intelligence more severely |
| mental age | age level at which a person is functioning |
| chronological age | the age a person is |
| Working Memory (WM) | ability to keep information in mind while simultaneously doing another cognitive task |
| Self-regulation | broad term referring to the ability to regulate one's own behavior |
| Metacognition | refers to a person's awareness of what strategies are needed to preform a task, ability to plan how to use the strategies, and the evaluation of how well the strategies are working |
| behavioral phenotypes | behavioral characteristics |
| Gullibility | tendency to believe something, usually a highly questionable statement or claim |
| Explicit Instruction | being as clear, direct, and precise as possible |
| Systematic instruction | teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences for performance, and transfer of stimulus control; often with students with intellectual disabilities |
| Functional academics | teaching academics in the context of daily living skills |
| Community Residential facilities (CRFs) | a place, usually a group home, in an urban or residential neighborhood where 3-10 adults with intellectual disabilities live under supervision |
| supported living | a persons intellectual disabilities receive supports to live in more natural, non-institutional settings such as their home |
| Deinstitutionalization movement | resulted in closing of many large residential institutions in favor of the more integrated living conditions |
| self-determination | the ability to act autonomously, be self-regulated, act in a psychological empowered manner, and act in a self-realized manner |
| learned helplessness | people with intellectual disabilities often find it difficult to become self-determined |
| Person-centered planning | focuses more on the individual than the family; similar to family-centered planning |
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