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Biology 2 - C03 - 05

🧬📗3️⃣3️⃣3️⃣ Module 3 --MOCK EXAM -- 005

QuestionAnswer
What is taxonomy? The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
What is systematics? The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
What is binomial nomenclature? A two-part scientific naming system using genus and species.
Who developed binomial nomenclature? Carl Linnaeus.
What is the correct format for scientific names? Genus capitalized, species lowercase, both italicized.
What is a taxon? A group or rank in biological classification.
List the major taxonomic ranks in order. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
What is the broadest taxonomic rank? Domain.
What is phylogeny? The evolutionary history of organisms.
What is a phylogenetic tree? A diagram showing evolutionary relationships.
What does a node represent? A common ancestor where lineages diverge.
What is a branch in a phylogenetic tree? A lineage representing evolutionary change.
What is a clade? A monophyletic group containing an ancestor and all descendants.
What is an outgroup? A taxon used to root a tree and identify ancestral traits.
What is an ingroup? The main group of organisms being analyzed.
What is an ancestral trait? A trait inherited from a common ancestor.
What is a derived trait? A modified trait that evolved in a specific lineage.
What is cladistics? A method of classification based on shared derived traits.
What is a cladogram? A branching diagram showing relationships based on shared traits.
What is a synapomorphy? A shared derived trait that defines a clade.
What is the principle of parsimony? The simplest explanation with the fewest evolutionary changes is preferred.
Why is parsimony used in cladistics? To choose the tree requiring the least number of trait changes.
What is a monophyletic group? A group with a common ancestor and all its descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group? A group with a common ancestor but missing some descendants.
What is a polyphyletic group? A group without a recent common ancestor, grouped by convergent traits.
Example of a monophyletic group Birds including all their descendants.
Example of a paraphyletic group Reptiles excluding birds.
Example of a polyphyletic group Flying animals like bats, birds, and insects.
Who proposed the two-kingdom system? Linnaeus.
What are the two kingdoms in the earliest system? Plantae and Animalia.
Who proposed the three-kingdom system? Ernst Haeckel.
What new kingdom was added in the three-kingdom system? Protista.
Who proposed the five-kingdom system? R.H. Whittaker.
What are the five kingdoms? Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
What organisms belong to Monera? Unicellular prokaryotes like bacteria.
Who proposed the three-domain system? Carl Woese.
What evidence did Woese use? rRNA nucleotide sequences.
What are the three domains? Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
What distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria? Unique biochemistry and ability to live in extreme environments.
What is convergent evolution? When unrelated species independently evolve similar traits.
What is the goal of modern systematics? To classify organisms based on evolutionary relationships.
 

 



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