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Biology 2 - C03 - 04

🧬📗3️⃣3️⃣3️⃣ Mod 3 -Cladistics, Parsimony, and Evolutionary Group Types - 004

QuestionAnswer
What is cladistics? A method of classifying organisms based on shared, derived characteristics.
What is the goal of cladistics? To create a cladogram that reflects evolutionary relationships.
What is a cladogram? A branching diagram showing relationships based on shared, derived traits.
What is a clade? A monophyletic group containing a common ancestor and all its descendants.
What is a synapomorphy? A shared, derived trait that defines a clade.
What is an ancestral trait? A trait inherited from a common ancestor.
What is a derived trait? A modified form of an ancestral trait that evolved in a specific lineage.
What is an outgroup in cladistics? A taxon closely related to but not part of the ingroup.
Why is an outgroup used? To determine which traits are ancestral versus derived.
What is a node in a cladogram? A branching point representing a common ancestor.
What does branch length represent in some cladograms? The amount of evolutionary change.
What is the principle of parsimony? The simplest evolutionary explanation with the fewest changes is preferred.
Why is parsimony used in cladistics? To minimize the number of evolutionary steps in a cladogram.
What is a monophyletic group? A group containing a common ancestor and all its descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group? A group containing a common ancestor but not all its descendants.
Example of a paraphyletic group Reptiles excluding birds.
What is a polyphyletic group? A group of species without a recent common ancestor, grouped by convergent traits.
Example of a polyphyletic group Flying animals like bats, birds, and insects.
Why are monophyletic groups preferred in modern systematics? They accurately reflect true evolutionary history.
What is convergent evolution? When unrelated species independently evolve similar traits.
 

 



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