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Biology 2 - C03 - 03

🧬📗3️⃣3️⃣3️⃣ Mod 3 --Phylogeny, Trees, Clades, and Evo Relationships -- 003

QuestionAnswer
What is phylogeny? The evolutionary history and relationships among organisms.
What is a phylogenetic tree? A branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among taxa.
What do nodes on a phylogenetic tree represent? Common ancestors where lineages diverge.
What is a branch on a phylogenetic tree? A lineage representing evolutionary change over time.
What does branch length represent in some trees? The amount of evolutionary change.
What is a clade? A monophyletic group containing a common ancestor and all its descendants.
What is an ingroup? The main group of organisms being studied in a phylogenetic analysis.
What is an outgroup? A taxon closely related to but not part of the ingroup, used to root the tree.
Why is an outgroup important? It helps determine which traits are ancestral versus derived.
What is a derived trait? A modified form of an ancestral trait that evolved in a specific lineage.
What is an ancestral trait? A trait inherited from a common ancestor.
What is a bifurcation? A point where one lineage splits into two on a phylogenetic tree.
What is a monophyletic group? A group containing a common ancestor and all its descendants.
What is a paraphyletic group? A group containing a common ancestor but not all its descendants.
What is a polyphyletic group? A group of species without a recent common ancestor, grouped by convergent traits.
Example of a monophyletic group Mammals, including all descendants of their common ancestor.
Example of a paraphyletic group Reptiles excluding birds.
Example of a polyphyletic group Flying animals like bats, birds, and insects.
What is the goal of phylogenetics? To understand evolutionary connections and reconstruct evolutionary history.
 

 



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