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Micro(1-3) people
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hippocrates | “Father of Western Medicine” dismissed idea that disease was supernatural in origin |
| Thucydides | “Father of Scientific History” Evidence based analysis of cause and effect reasoning. Observed immunity in Athenian plague |
| Marcus Terentius Varro | One of the first to propose that disease was caused by some unobservable agent - “animalia minuta”. Thought that they floated through the air and entered the body through the mouth and nose |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | “The Father of Microbiology” developed a lens powerful enough to observe single celled organisms in a drop of water. Was likely looking at bacteria and protists |
| Louis Pasteur | Individual microbes had unique properties, fermentation is caused by microbes, invented pasteurization, developed several early vaccines |
| Robert Koch | Demonstrated the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known disease. “one microbe, one disease” |
| Carl Woese and George Fox | developed a means to compare the gene sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA which is highly conserved |
| Carolus Linnaeus | developed a new system for categorizing plants and animals |
| Galileo | Used a compound microscope in the 1500s to examine insect parts. Often credited with inventing the telescope |
| Robert Hooke | Used a compound microscope to observe cells and published his work in Micrographia and was the first to describe “cells” in 1665 based upon his microscopic observations of cork |
| Hans and Zaccharias Janssen | May have invented the telescope, simple microscope and compound microscope, however, they did not publish their work and little evidence remains |
| Hans Lippershey | Neighbor of the Janssens, also developed microscopes and telescopes and is often credited with inventing the telescope |
| Hans Christian Gram | Developed Gram staining |
| Aristotle | one of the earliest recorded scholars to propose spontaneous generation |
| Jan Baptista van Helmont | proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks |
| Francesco Redi | Refuted the idea that maggots spontaneously arose from meat and predicted that if flies were prevented from landing on the meat maggots would not appear. |
| John Needham | Briefly boiled broth infused with plant or animal matter intending to kill all preexisting microbes then sealed the flasks, however, the flasks then became turbid (cloudy) indicating microbial growth |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani | Repeated Needham’s experiment, however, he increased the heating time and no growth occurred until the flasks were later exposed to the air. Spallanzani suggested that the microbes were being introduced from air |
| Matthias Schleiden | made extensive microscopic observations of living plant tissues, described them as being composed of cells |
| Theodor Schwann | realized that similarities existed between plant and animal tissues |
| Rudolf Virchow | “Father of Pathology” popularized the cell theory in an 1855 essay entitled “Cellular Pathology.” |
| Robert Brown | described the nuclei of plant cells |
| Andreas Schimper | observed and described the chloroplasts of plant cells and noted their role in starch formation during photosynthesis AND noted that the divided independently of the nucleus |
| Konstantin Mereschkowski | proposed that chloroplasts may have originated from ancestral PS bacteria living symbiotically inside a eukaryotic cell. Similar hypothesis for nuclei of plant cells |
| Ivan Wallin | noted similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. During 1920s published studies supporting the Endosymbiotic Theory |
| Lynn Margulis | proposed that eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) were of prokaryotic origin, noting microscopic, genetic, molecular biology, fossil and geological data to support her claim |
| John Snow | Created the first known epidemiological study and resulted in the first known public health response to an epidemic |
| Joseph Lister | proposed hand washing and cleanliness during surgery, and later began using carbolic acid (phenol) spray as a disinfectant/antiseptic during surgery, leading to a large decrease in infection rates |
| Ignaz Semmelweis | proponent of the importance of handwashing to prevent transfer of disease between patients by physicians |
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