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The nucleotide polymers called ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are smaller cousins of DNA. There are many forms of RNA with diverse functions in a cell, but we’ll focus on the three that are directly involved in producing proteins: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
DNA cannot produce proteins without their help. Other RNA types called noncoding RNA (ncRNA) play various regulatory and enzymatic roles.
What do mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA have in common, and how do they differ from DNA? The most significant difference is that RNA is much smaller, ranging from about 70 to 90 bases in tRNA to slightly over 10,000 bases in the largest mRNA.
DNA, by contrast, averages more than 100 million base pairs long (table 4.1). Also, whereas DNA is a double helix, RNA consists of only one nucleotide chain, not held together by complementary base pairs except in certain regions where the molecule folds back on itself.
The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA contains three of the same nitrogenous bases as DNA—adenine, cytosine, and guanine—but it has no thymine; a base called uracil (U) takes its place (see fig. 4.1b).
The essential function of the three principal RNAs is to interpret the code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins. RNA is a disposable molecule that works mainly in the cytoplasm, while DNA is irreplaceable and remains safely behind in the nucleus, “giving orders” from there. This process is described in the next section of the chapter.
The essential function of the three principal RNAs is to interpret the code in DNA and use those instructions to synthesize proteins. RNA is a disposable molecule that works mainly in the cytoplasm, while DNA is irreplaceable and remains safely behind in the nucleus, “giving orders” from there. This process is described in the next section of the chapter.
Created by: Russells3709
 

 



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