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Industrial Rev Terms
Industrial Revolution Terms and Definitions - WHAP 25-26
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jethro Tull | English agricultural innovator who improved farming efficiency by inventing the seed drill, helping increase food production and population growth. |
| Seed Drill | A farming device that planted seeds in straight rows at controlled depths, reducing waste and increasing crop yields. |
| Richard Arkwright | British inventor and industrialist who helped pioneer the factory system through mechanized textile production. |
| Water Frame | A machine that used water power to spin cotton thread, enabling large-scale textile manufacturing in factories. |
| Manchester | An early industrial city in England that became a major center of textile production, symbolizing rapid urbanization and factory labor. |
| Canal | A man-made waterway used during industrialization to transport heavy goods like coal and iron cheaply and efficiently. |
| Turnpike | A toll road financed by private investors that improved transportation and trade during the early Industrial Revolution. |
| Steam Engine | A machine that converts steam power into mechanical energy, revolutionizing industry, mining, and transportation. |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and practical for widespread industrial use. |
| George Stephenson | British engineer who developed the steam locomotive, helping expand railroads and national markets. |
| Steam Locomotive | A rail engine powered by steam that dramatically reduced transportation time and costs for goods and people. |
| Luddites | Skilled textile workers who destroyed machinery to protest job loss and economic displacement caused by industrialization. |
| Working Class | Industrial laborers who worked in factories and mines for wages, often under dangerous and exploitative conditions. |
| Middle Class | A growing social group of factory owners, managers, professionals, and merchants who benefited from industrial capitalism. |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher who argued that capitalism exploited workers and predicted class struggle would lead to socialism and communism. Author of the Communist Manifesto |
| British Labour Party | A political party formed to represent working-class interests, labor unions, and social reform in Britain. |
| Socialism | An economic system advocating collective or government ownership of industry to reduce inequality and protect workers. |
| Progressives | Reformers, especially in the United States, who sought to address industrial problems through regulation, labor laws, and social reform. |
| Capitalists | Individuals who invest money (capital) in businesses to generate profit under a capitalist system. |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership, free markets, and profit-driven production. |
| Communism | A system proposed by Marx advocating a classless society in which workers collectively own the means of production. |
| Labor Movement | Organized efforts by workers to improve wages, hours, safety, and working conditions. |
| Union Strike | A collective work stoppage by workers to pressure employers for better conditions or pay. |
| Union “Bread and Butter Issues” | Basic economic concerns such as wages, hours, and workplace safety. |
| Thomas Edison | Inventor who helped commercialize electricity and develop practical electrical systems for industry and cities. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Steel magnate who used new technology to mass-produce steel and became one of the richest industrialists of the era. |
| Bessemer Process | A method for producing steel quickly and cheaply by removing impurities from molten iron. |
| John D. Rockefeller | Industrialist who dominated the oil industry through monopolistic practices. |
| Standard Oil | Rockefeller’s company that controlled most U.S. oil refining through vertical and horizontal integration. |
| Nikola Tesla | Inventor who developed alternating current (AC) electricity, allowing efficient long-distance power transmission. |
| George Westinghouse | Industrialist who promoted AC electricity and competed with Edison to electrify cities. |
| George Waring | New York City urban reformer who improved sewage and sanitation systems, reducing disease in industrial cities. |
| Jacob Riis | Journalist who exposed urban poverty and poor living conditions through photography and writing. |
| How the Other Half Lives | A book by Jacob Riis that documented tenement life and spurred urban reform. |
| Tenements | Overcrowded, poorly constructed apartment buildings housing working-class families in industrial cities. |
| Meat Packing Industry | A mass-production industry that processed meat in large factories, often under unsafe and unsanitary conditions. |
| The Jungle | A novel by Upton Sinclair exposing dangerous working conditions and food contamination in meatpacking plants. |
| John Snow | British scientist who traced a cholera outbreak in London to contaminated water, advancing modern public health. |
Created by:
cduffner