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nutrition
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adequate intake (AI) | purpose: nutritional goal to try to achieve in healthy adults, but there is a lack of evidence to have an RDA |
| how does RDA differ from AI | RDA refers to healthy individuals from ALL AGE GROUPS |
| tolerable upper intake level (UL) | highest daily intake without risk of adverse effects maximum w/o risk |
| dietary reference intakes (DRIs) | standards for nutrient adequacy and toxicity levels between adequate and toxic |
| recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) | intended for healthy individuals of all age groups |
| Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) | benefit: potential decrease in chronic disease risk by using macronutrient percentages (carbs, protein, fat) |
| AMDR % of carbs | 45-65% |
| AMDR % of protein | 10-35% |
| AMDR % of fat | 20-35% |
| old FDA guidelines vs. new FDA guidelines - protein | new one emphasizes increasing protein intake but does NOT specify what 'type of protein'. ie: plant-based, poultry, red meats, or processed meats, even tho some are better than others (with less trans fats) old one encourages mostly plant based protein |
| old FDA guidelines vs. new FDA guidelines - dairy | increase intake for whole milk; opt for healthier options. discrepancy bc this will cause an INC intake of saturated fat. |
| what % of saturated fat is encouraged to consume | less than 10% |
| old FDA guidelines - alcohol | provided specific amounts for each sex (1 drink for females and 2 for males) 'drinking in moderation' |
| new FDA guidelines - alcohol | recommend 'drink less' leaves room for interpretation |
| simple carbohydrates | monosaccharides - easiest sugars to absorb because these are their simplest form: galactose, glucose, fructose also disaccharides (2): lactose, maltose, sucrose |
| complex carbohydrates | polysaccharides: many long chains of glucose molecules doesn't taste sweet bc they're so large we cant taste |
| polyols (sugar alcohols) | nutritive sweetness GI side effects if consumed in large amounts (diarrhea) |
| carbohydrate digestions begins where | begins in the mouth with the salivary amylase |
| what to give a diabetic pt with hypoglycemia? | simple sugars...juice! simple sugars work the fastest |
| mechanism of how the pancreas normalizes blood sugar after meals | after eating, glucose enters your cells which causes blood glucose to fall. the drop makes you feel tired which signals the pancreas to release glucagon into the bloodstream to increase blood glucose levels and reduce tired feeling |
| major side effect after meals from blood glucose levels | tired caused by sudden drop of blood sugar before glucagon is released to rise it |
| carbohydrates caloric weight | 4 calories per gram |
| essential amino acid | must be consumes through diet |
| nonessential amino acid | our body produces so we dont need to get from our diet |
| what is the simplest absorbable form of protein | amino acids the building blocks of proteins |
| protein caloric weight | 4 calories per gram |
| RDA for protein calculation | multiply body weight (kg) by 0.8g the recommended g of protein a person should eat in a day based on their weight |
| veganism | only vegetables and fruit. nothing from animals least common and hardest |
| lacto-vegetarians | includes milk products most common |
| lacto-ovo vegetarians | includes milk and eggs |
| pescatarianism | fish |
| pollotarianism | chicken |
| pollo-pescetarian | fish and chicken |
| nitrogen balance | requires 24 hour urinary urea nitrogen and dietary intake calculation. used to ensure dietary intake is proficient. coefficient of 4 |
| what does the coeficient of 4 mean for nitrogen balance calculation | feces, skin, hair, nails we want it to be equal and balanced |
| vegetarians are most at risk for | vitamin B12 deficiency because of their lack of animal protein |
| cholesterol food sources | MUST be an ANIMAL product ex: egg yolk |
| what will the body make with cholesterol? | vitamin D, sex hormones, bile acids |
| trans fats | aka saturated fats, not good for us increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic disease because they increase our LDLs (bad fats) that build up and clog arteries |
| recommended daily saturated fat intake | <10% saturated fats/day |
| what foods are low in saturated fat | leaner meats, fat not solid at room temperature (olive oil, coconut oil, avocado oil) |
| sources of fat in fruits | coconuts, avocado, olives |
| fats caloric weight | 9 calories per gram highest caloric density |
| vitamin destruction | can occur due to heat, air, and light |
| which vitamins are fat soluble? | vitamin A, D, C, and K |
| vitamin A toxicity | causes yellow skin appearance. can be deadly. |
| vitamin B12 deficiency | most common causes: vegetarians and pts who had gastrectomy. |
| why does gastrectomy cause B12 defiency? | removal of the atrium of the stomach causes inability to produce intrinsic factor which aids in absorption of vitamin B12 |
| vitamin K absorption | enhanced by the gut microbiome |
| purpose of vitamin K | to thicken blood |
| what happens if you disrupt the gut microbiome | will cause vitamin K to not be efficiently absorbed ex: Abx may cause disruption of gut microbiome and will cause low Vit K levels |
| diseases from vitamin D defiency | rickets (kids), osteomalacia (adults) |
| what population is at risk for vitamin C deficiency | smokers are at risk of becoming deficient and may need supplemental vitamin C |
| folate/ folic acid | supplement to take before conception to decrease risk for spina bifida, take early because spinal cord develops EARLY. women who are sexually active are at risk. folic acid is more easily absorbed |
| foods that are high in folate | leafy greens, legumes |
| RDA for daily fluid intake | 1 mL/kcal/day ex: 2500 cal (1mL)=2500mL water/day |
| dehydration signs and symptoms | thirst, decreased skin turgor, heat stroke, dizziness, confusion, tachycardia, jugular veinous pressure becomes flattened |
| foods high in sodium | any fast food, restaurant, processed food |
| foods high in calcium | dairy products: cheese, yogurt, cow's milk |
| fluoride | fills cavities. in children. get it from tap water |
| are there any factors that can cause mineral breakdown? | no minerals don't breakdown compared to vitamins that do breakdown |
| excess zinc | excessive supplement intake can lead to copper deficiency |
| energy balance of carbohydrates | 4 kcals/g |
| energy balance of protein | 4 kcals/g |
| energy balance of fats | 9 kcals/g |
| energy balance of alcohol | 7 kcals/g |
| BMI | body mass index >25 is considered overweight, obese, etc. |
| disadvantages of BMI | does not take into account muscle mass versus fat mass difference |
| waist circumference | >40 in men >35in women |
Created by:
ago24