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nutrition
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adequate intake (AI) | Purpose: Nutritional goal to try to achieve in healthy individuals, but there is a lack of evidence to have an RDA. only for healthy people in a specific group |
| tolerable upper intake level (UL) | Highest daily intake without risk of adverse effects max you could have before risk occurs |
| dietary reference intakes (RDIs) | Standards for nutrient adequacy and toxicity levels you know what is adequate and what is toxic |
| recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) | Intended for healthy individuals of all age groups |
| RDAs vs AI | RDAs is for all ages |
| Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) | Benefit: Potential decrease in chronic disease risk by using macronutrient percentages, if you exceed this % you are at risk for chronic diseases |
| AMDRs protein | 10-35% of cals consumed |
| AMDRs carbs | 45-55% of cals consumed |
| AMDRs fat | 20-35% of cals consumed |
| DGA 2025-2030 emphasizes increasing protein intake but | does not specify on what ‘type of protein’ |
| old guidelines recommended what protein type | plant based |
| DGA 2025-2030 whole milk | Reduce intake of whole milk; opt for healthier dairy alternatives. Discrepancy with this recommendation because this will lead to an increase intake of saturated fat intake Still encouraged to consume less than 10% of saturated fat in daily calories. |
| DGA 2025-2030 alcohol consumption | recommend 'drink less,' which leaves room for iinterpretation |
| old guidelines recommended | specific amounts for each sex (e.g. 1 drink for females and 2 drinks for males/day) |
| simple carb | monosaccharide: glucose, galactose, fructose |
| complex carb | polysaccharide: chains of monosaccharides |
| monosaccharide are | most absorbable form of carbs |
| what type of carb is used to increase blood glucose | monosaccharide |
| polyols are | sugar alcohols |
| polyols in large amounts cause | GI side effects like diarrhea! |
| where does carb digestion start | mouth |
| side effect of the pancreas normalizing blood sugar after meals | feeling tired |
| mechanism of how the pancreas normalizes blood sugar after meals | When you eat → glucose enters your cells → causing blood glucose to fall →The drop can make you feel tired → signals the pancreas to release glucagon into the bloodstream → to raise blood glucose and reduce the tired sensation |
| what is important to remember about liver and pancreas in normalizing blood sugar | liver stores and pancreas signals release of glucagon |
| how many calories per 1 g of carb | 4 cals |
| essential amino acid must be | consumed through diet, body does not make them |
| non essential amino acid can be | synthesized in the body |
| simplest most absorbable form of protein | amino acid |
| how many calories per 1 g of protein | 4 cals |
| RDA for protein calculation | multiply body weight in kg by 0.8 g |
| lactovegetarian | drink milk |
| ovovegetarian | eat eggs |
| lactoovovegetarian | eat eggs and drink milk |
| all vegetarians frequently have a | vitamin B12 deficiency |
| nitrogen balance | Requires 24-hour urinary urea nitrogen and dietary intake calculation |
| nitrogen balance: Coefficient of 4 | Feces, skin, hair and nails |
| cholesterol food source | animal based foods only! |
| cholesterol deficiency means | body can't make vitamin D, sex hormones or bile acids |
| trans fat effect on the body | increases LDLs which are the bad cholesterol |
| recommended daily saturated fat intake | less than 10% of total daily calories |
| foods lower in sat fat | leaner meats; fat not solid at room temperature |
| sources of fat in fruit | Coconuts, avocados, olives |
| how many calories per 1 g of fat | 9 cals |
| vitamin destruction can occur due to | heat, air and light |
| fat soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K |
| vit a toxicity | from supplements because of their high bioavailability |
| vit a health complications | skin can become jaundicey, pretty much life threatening |
| vit b12 common causes | removal of stomach atrium (gastrectomy) because no longer have intrinsic factor to break it down vegetarians at higher risk bc b12 is most likely to be absorbed in animal proteins |
| vit k absorption is enhanced with | gut microbiome |
| If you disrupt the gut microbiome, | this will likely cause the Vitamin K to not be efficiently absorbed |
| what is a way that disturbs the microbiome | antibiotics reduce gut absorption of vit k |
| vit D common diseases | children: ricketts, important that to get vit K shot when born ASAP osteomalacia |
| what population/cohort that is at risk of becoming deficient in vit C | smokers |
| what population needs to take a folate supplement | pregnant people or people TTC |
| what are the effects of not taking a folate supplement | increased risk for spinal bifida |
| when to start taking the folate supplement | prior to conception because spinal cord develops at day 2-3 |
| foods that are high in folate | leafy greens, fortified grains and legumes |
| RDA for Daily fluid intake | 1 mL/kcal/day |
| S and S of dehydration | thirst, tachycardia, decrease JVP (flat look), heat stroke, dizziness, confusion |
| foods high in sodium | restaurants, fast food, processed foods |
| foods high in calcium | milk products, cheese, yogurt |
| what population/cohort that may need to increase their fluoride intake | children and you can get it through tap water |
| any factors that can break down minerals? | NO!! |
| excessive zinc supplement can lead to | copper deficiency if on supplement for longer than 2 weeks |
| how many calories per 1 g of alc | 7 cals |
| underweight BMI | BMI less than 18.5 |
| obese BMI | BMI greater than 30 |
| BMI does not take into account | muscle mass |
| waist circumference female parameters | greater than 35 in |
| waist circumference male parameters | greater than 40 in |
| larger waist circumference mean | that pt is at higher risk for disease |
Created by:
leh195