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A&P Module 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of bones? | Providing support, movement, protection, and format blood cells and the storage of minerals |
| What are bones categorized by? | Shape - long, short, flat, or irregular |
| What is an example of a long bone? | Femur (thigh bone) |
| What are the expanded portions at the end of the femur called? | Proximal and distal epiphysis |
| What is the function of the skeletal system? | To house blood-producing cells |
| What is the layer of tissue called that protects the underlying bone when one bone articulates with another? | Hyaline cartilage or articular cartilage |
| What do long bones look like? | Bones are taller than they are wide with expanded ends |
| What is the shaft on the long bone called? | Diaphysis |
| What is the widening part of the bone between the shaft and the end of the bone called? | Metaphysis |
| What are the major functions of a bone, an organ of the skeletal system? | Storage of minerals, blood cell formation, and support and protection |
| What is the outer surface of the portion of the epiphysis that is involved in an articulation (joint) in the long bone called? | Articular cartilage |
| Where is the periosteum located and what is its role? | Around the bones and bone growth and repair |
| Which bone is characterized by a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps? | Cortical bone |
| Where is the medullary cavity of a long bone found? | In the diaphysis |
| What is the thin membrane called that lines the medullary cavity and the spaces within a spongey bone in the long bone? | Endosteum |
| What are the mature bone cells that reside in the lacunae? | Osteocytes |
| What is the type of bone that has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates called trabeculae? | Spongy bone |
| What is the medullary cavity? | A hollow chamber that is continuous with the spaces of the spongey bone |
| What are canaliculi? | Spaces in bone that house the cellular processes of osteocytes |
| What is the name of the small chambers that house bone cells? | Lacunae |
| What is the periosteum made up of? | Dense connective tissue |
| The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is largely composed of what two components? | Collagen and inorganic salts |
| What is the concentric layers of bone tissue around a central canal called? | Lamella |
| What is the lamella in compact bone arranged in cylinder-shaped units called? | Osteons |
| What three components are found in an osteon? | Central canal, osteocytes, and lamella |
| What structure is protected by the skull? | Brain |
| What is the process of blood cell formation called? | Hematopoiesis |
| What organ is able to produce blood cells? | Spleen |
| What is the bony matrix of compact bone organized into concentric layers of extracellular matrix called? | Lamellae |
| Blood cell formation occurs where? | Red bone marrow |
| What two types of bone marrow are found in humans? | Red and yellow bone marrow |
| What is the function of the yellow bone marrow? | To store energy in the form of fat. It does not produce blood cells. |
| What is hydroxyapatite? | Small crystals of calcium phosphate salts |
| From fetal period until death, what organs can produce blood cells? | Liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
| What are bones that develop within sheet like layers of connective tissue called? | Intramembranous |
| What are bones that develop from a model of hyaline cartilage called? | Endochondral |
| What are some intramembranous bones? | Mandible, clavicle, and zygomatic bones |
| New bone tissue that is deposited by cells during osteogenesis is called what? | Osteoblasts |
| Most bones in the body are what? | Endochondral |
| What is the band of cartilage that allows continues growth in length of an endochondral bone called? | Growth plate |
| What are mesenchymal cells that have differentiated into bone-forming cells called? | Osteoblasts |
| How many distinct layers form an epiphyseal plate? | Four |
| What is the junction between the diaphysis and epiphysis called? | Epiphyseal plate |
| What are characteristics of the epiphyseal plate? | It separates the diaphysis and the epiphysis of long bones, it consists of cartilaginous cells, and it is responsible for the growth in length of long bones |
| What cells dissolve the inorganic components of the calcified bone matrix? | Osteoclasts |
| What cells deposit new matrix? | Osteoblasts |
| What is the name of the band of cartilage located between the primary and secondary ossification centers? | Epiphyseal plate |
| After bones are formed via intramembranous or endochondral ossification, what happens to the bone? | Bone is continually remodeled by osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| What is a factor that directly influences bone growth, development, and repair? | Hormones, nutrition, and physical exercise |
| What vitamin is necessary for proper absorption of calcium by the body, and therefore vital for proper bone formation? | Vitamin D |
| What is rickets? | Vitamin D deficiency in children causes deformed bones |
| What is vitamin A role in bone development? | Osteoclast and osteoblast activity |
| What is vitamin C role in bone development? | Collagen synthesis |
| What is osteomalacia? | Vitamin D deficiency in adults causes deformed bones |
| 90% of the protein found in bone is what? | Collagen |
| What other protein in the bone is also important? | Osteocalcin |
| Where do growth hormones stimulate cell division? | Epiphyseal plate |
| Why are the ovaries and testes important for bone development? | They secrete hormones that affect bone development |
| What are 3 proteins found in the bone? | Osteocalcin, osteonectin, and collagen |
| What is the hormone that stimulates osteoblasts at the epiphyseal plate? | Thyroxine |
| What are the glands that secrete hormones that affect bone growth and development? | Parathyroid, pituitary, and thyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone stimulates what bone cell? | Osteoclasts |
| What roles do sex hormones play in bone growth? | They stimulate bone tissue formation and stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates |
| What is osteoporosis characterized by? | Fragile bones that fracture easily |
| What two major portions is the skeleton divided into? | Axial and appendicular |
| What bones belong to the axial skeleton? | Bones that protect the trunk, head, and neck |
| What bones belong to the appendicular skeleton? | Tarsals, scapula, patella, and fibula |
| What do the cranium and facial bones form? | Skull |
| What bone is located in the neck and serves an attachment point for muscles that help move the tongue? | Hyoid |
| In the spinal column, vertebrae are separated by what? | Cartilaginous intervertebral discs |
| Where is the sacrum located? | At the end of the vertebral column in the pelvis |
| What is the anatomical name for the tailbone? | Coccyx |
| What protects the heart, lungs, and organs in the upper abdominal cavity? | Thoracic cage |
| The bones that form the spinal column, or back bone, is called what? | Vertebrae |
| How many pairs of ribs make up the thoracic cage? | 12 |
| What is the large triangle shaped bone at the distal end of the vertebral column that is actually five bones in one called? | Sacrum |
| What does the pectoral girdle consist of? | 2 scapula and 2 clavicle |
| The humerus, radius, ulna, and carpals are found in what? | The upper limb |
| What are some bones of the lower limb? | Femur, tibia, and tarsals |
| The thoracic cage consists of what? | 12 pairs of ribs and 1 sternum |
Created by:
dani_simon