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Medical Terminology
Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the kidney | ➢ Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine ➢ Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids ➢ Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream |
| ➢ Release hormones: | Renin Erythropoietin (EPO) Calciferol |
| Renin: | enzyme important in adjusting blood pressure |
| Erythropoietin (EPO): | hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow |
| Calciferol: | active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine |
| arteriole | Small artery |
| calyx or calix | Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud |
| catheter | Tube for injecting or removing fluids |
| cortex | Outer region of an organ |
| creatinine | Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine |
| electrolyte | Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow; -poietin means a substance that forms |
| filtration | Process whereby some substances pass through a filter |
| glomerular capsule | Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule |
| glomerulus | Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney |
| hilum | Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin meaning a small thing |
| kidney | One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine |
| meatus | Opening or canal |
| medulla | Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow |
| nephron | The functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place |
| nitrogenous waste | Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine; examples are urea, uric acid, and creatine |
| potassium (K+) | An electrolyte regulated by the kidney |
| reabsorption | Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream |
| renal artery | Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney |
| renal pelvis | Central collection region in the kidney |
| renal tubules | Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration |
| renal vein | Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney |
| renin | Enzyme secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure |
| sodium (Na+) | An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is sodium chloride (salt |
| trigone | Triangular area in the urinary bladder |
| urea | Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine |
| ureter | One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| urethra | Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body |
| uric acid | Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine |
| urinary bladder | Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine |
| urination (voiding) | Process of expelling urine; also called micturition |
| cali/o, calic/o | calyx (calix); cup-shaped |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| meat/o | meatus |
| nephr/o | kidney |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| ren/o | kidney |
| trigon/o | trigone |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| vesic/o | urinary bladder |
| albumin/o | albumin |
| azot/o | nitrogen |
| dips/o | thirst |
| bacteri/o | bacteria |
| kal/o | potassium |
| ket/o, keton/o | ketone bodies, acetones |
| lith/o | stone |
| natr/o | sodium |
| noct/o | night |
| olig/o | scanty |
| -poietin | substance that forms |
| py/o | pus |
| -tripsy | to crush |
| ur/o | urea |
| -uria | urination; urine condition |
| urin/o | urine |
| Tests Included in a Urinalysis | Color - Appearance - pH - Protein - Glucose - Specific gravity - Ketone bodies - Sediment - Phenylketonuria - Bilirubin |
| Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) | The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight. |
| Voiding cystourethrogram | (VCUG) showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging |
| Radioisotope scan: | image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope into the bloodstream |
| Cystoscopy | direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone |
| AKI | Acute renal injury |
| ARF | Acute renal failure |
| BILI | Bilirubin |
| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
| CAPD | Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
| Cath | Catheter; catheterization |
| CCPD | Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis |
| CKD | Chronic kidney disease |
| CL- | Chloride, a kidney excretion |
| CrCl | Creatinine clearance |
| CRF | Chronic renal failure |
| C & S | Culture and sensitivity testing |
| Cysto | Cystoscopic examination |
| eGFR | Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| ESRD | End-stage renal disease |
| ESWL | Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy |
| HCO3 | Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney |
| HD | Hemodialysis |
| IC | Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall |
| IVP | Intravenous pyelogram |
| K+ | Potassium, an electrolyte |
| KUB | Kidney ureter and bladder |
| Na+ | Sodium, an electrolyte |
| PD | Peritoneal dialysis |
| pH | Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity |
| PKD | Phenylketonuria |
| sp gr | Specific gravity |
| UA | Urinalysis |
| UTI | Urinary tract infection |
| VCUG | Voiding cystourethrogram |
| albumino/o | albumin (protein) |
| angi/o | vessel (blood) |
| bacteri/o | bacteria |
| cali/o, calic/o | calyx (calix); cup-shaped |
| glycos/o | sugar |
| hydr/o | water |
| isch/o | to hold back; back |
| necr/o | death |
| urin/o | urine |
| vesic/o (in urinary system | urinary bladder |
| -ectasis | stretching; dilation |
| -ectomy | removal; excision |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -esis | condition |
| -gram | record |
| -lithiasis | condition of stones |
| -lithotomy | incision for removal of a stone |
| -lysis | breakdown |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -ole | little; small |
| -osis | condition |
| -pathy | disease |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -poietin | substance that forms |
| -ptosis | droop; sag |
| -rrhea | flow; discharge |
| -sclerosis | hardening |
| -stomy | new opening (to form a mouth) |
| -tomy | process of cutting |
| -tripsy | to crush |
| -uria | urination |
| a-, an- | not; without |
| anti- | against |
| dia- | complete |
| dys- | bad; painful |
| en- | in; within |
| peri- | surrounding |
| poly- | many, much |
| retro- | behind; back |
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