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Bio DNA Structure

Larson 10th grade

QuestionAnswer
Trait Distinguishing characteristics that are passed from one generation to the next.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, and is the molecule that stores genetic information for all organisms
Heritable Something that can be passed from parent to offspring
Central Dogma DNA is used to build another nucleic acid, called DNA, or ribonucleic acid, and RNA in turn builds proteins.
Genetics the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation in organisms
Nucleotide Subunit makes up DNA. Examples are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine and uracil in RNA.
Replication Process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle.
DNA Polymerase Group of enzymes that bind the new nucleotides together in the process of replication, which completes the copying process of DNA
Helicase An enzyme that binds to the DNA molecules and unzips the strands; this happens at places called the origins of replication.
Protein synthesis The flow of information from DNA to proteins.
Gene a piece of DNA that provides instructions for a cell to make a certain protein; they are the most basic unit of heredity.
Transcription process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA, and happens in the nucleus.
Translation is the process where the mRNA is decoded to produce a protein.
Ribosomes This is the organelle, found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, where mRNA binds to so it can make a protein; they are made up of mRNA and proteins.
Codon a three nucleotide mRNA sequence that codes for an amino acid, which is a subunit or monomer of a polypeptide.
Monomer one amino acid that, when combined with others, makes long chains; you can think of this as one brick that makes up a wall.
Polypeptides multiple peptides, or monomers, connected together; one or more polypeptide makes up a protein.
Mutation a change in the normal sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA.
Point Mutation mutations that occur during replication, and a nucleotide is replaced by a different one.
Insertion Mutation An extra nucleotide is added into the DNA sequence.
Gene Expression the process by which the nucleotide sequence of a gene directs protein synthesis.
Operon a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task.
Promoter a segment of DNA that helps the enzyme RNA polymerase locate the starting point for transcription.
Operator The DNA segment that actually turns genes on or off.
Epigenetic these changes can be caused by factors such as the age of the organism, inputs from the environment, and disease-causing organisms.
Transcription Factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences and control gene expression; they may bind to a promoter, an enhancer, or other sections of DNA near a gene.
Introns The “extra footage” in the mRNA molecule that takes the form of nucleotide segments and are not included in the final protein; they occur between exons and are removed before leaving the nucleus and the exons are rejoined together.
Created by: maplelakesped
 

 



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