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Endocrine system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland | melatonin and circadian rhythm |
| Hypothalamus | hunger, thirst, temperature |
| Pituitary Gland | "master gland" sends messages to other glands |
| Thyroid Gland | regulating metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels |
| thymus | Active primarily during childhood, it trains these white blood cells to fight infection and prevents autoimmunity. The gland involutes after puberty, shrinking and being replaced by fat in adults. |
| Adrenal Gland | They are critical for managing metabolism, blood pressure, immune system response, and the "fight or flight" stress response. Dysfunction, such as Addison's disease or Cushing's syndrome, symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, and high blood pressure. |
| Pancreas | a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon. |
| ovaries | producing and releasing eggs (ova) through ovulation, and secreting hormones—specifically estrogen and progesterone—essential for the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. |
| testis | an organ which produces spermatozoa (male reproductive cells). |
| hormone | chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system |
| endocrine system | a complex network of glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes) that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, sleep, and mood |
| Gland | an organ in the human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings. |
| Receptor Cell | specialized, membrane-bound proteins that act as receivers, detecting external chemical signals (ligands) or environmental stimuli to initiate cellular responses |
| Target Cell | specific cells that possess specialized protein receptors capable of binding to particular hormones circulating in the bloodstream |
| Estrogen | a key hormone primarily made in the ovaries, vital for female reproductive and sexual development, regulating the menstrual cycle, and influencing bones, heart, skin, brain, and mood |
| progesterone | a vital steroid hormone produced in the ovaries, adrenal cortex, and placenta that regulates the menstrual cycle, supports pregnancy, and acts as a precursor for other hormones |
| Testosterone | produced in men's testes (and in smaller amounts in women's ovaries/adrenal glands) that regulates sex drive, sperm production, muscle mass, bone density, and mood |
| Insulin | a vital hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar (glucose) by acting as a key, allowing glucose to enter cells for energy. It lowers high blood sugar, promotes fat storage, and regulates metabolism |
| cortisol | a vital steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, often called the "stress hormone," that regulates metabolism, immune response, and blood pressure while driving the body's "fight-or-flight" response |
| Adrenaline | a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion. |
| vasopressin | a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and antidiuretic |
| Growth Hormone | somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a vital role in growth, cell regeneration, and metabolism. Its production peaks during puberty and naturally declines with age. |
| Positive Feedback Loop | a self-reinforcing process where the output of a system amplifies or accelerates the initial change, pushing the system further away from its original state |
| Negative Feedback Loop | a self-regulating, stabilizing mechanism that counteracts deviations from a set point to maintain stability, or homeostasis, in biological and mechanical systems |
| type 1 diabete | a chronic autoimmune condition where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production |
| type 2 diabetes | a chronic condition where the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use insulin effectively (insulin resistance), leading to high blood sugar levels, as sugar can't enter cells for energy |
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