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Earth"s Structures

TermDefinition
mineral A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure.
element A substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
atom The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.
compound A substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine in fixed proportions.
matter Anything that has mass and takes up space.
crystal A solid whose atoms are arranged in a repeating, orderly pattern.
streak The color of a mineral’s powder when rubbed on a streak plate.
luster How a mineral reflects light
cleavage The tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat surfaces.
weathering The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces by physical or chemical processes.
erosion The movement of rocks, soil, or sediments from one location to another.
deposition The process by which sediments are laid down in new locations.
igneous rock sedimentary rock Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
sedimentary rock Rock formed from the compaction and cementation of sediments.
metamorphic rock Rock formed when existing rock is subjected to heat and pressure, changing its form.
rock cycle the continuous process by which rocks are transformed from one type to another over geologic time.
uplift the rising of regions of the Earth’s crust to higher elevations.
subsidence The sinking or lowering of the Earth’s surface.
rift zone An area where the Earth’s crust is being pulled apart, often forming valleys or volcanic activity.
crust The thin, outermost layer of the Earth.
mantle The thick layer of solid and partially molten rock beneath the crust.
convection The movement of material caused by differences in temperature and density, often transferring heat.
core The innermost part of the Earth, consisting of a liquid outer core and solid inner core.
lithosphere The rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and upper mantle.
asthenosphere The semi-fluid layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere that allows tectonic plates to move.
mesosphere The strong, lower part of the mantle beneath the asthenosphere.
pangea The supercontinent that existed about 300 million years ago.
sea-floor spreading The process by which new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and pushes older crust outward.
plate tectonics The theory that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that move over the asthenosphere.
tectonic plates Sections of the lithosphere that move and interact at their boundaries.
convergent boundary A plate boundary where plates move toward each other, often forming mountains or trenches.
divergent boundar A plate boundary where plates move apart, forming new crust.
transform boundary A plate boundary where plates slide past each other horizontally.
deformation The bending, breaking, or folding of the Earth’s crust due to stress.
folding The bending of rock layers due to compressional stress.
fault A break in the Earth’s crust along which movement has occurred.
shear stress Stress that causes rocks to slide past one another.
tension stress that pulls rocks apart, stretching them.
compression Stress that squeezes rocks together
earthquake The shaking of Earth’s surface caused by sudden movement along a fault.
focus The point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins.
epicenter The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
tectonic plate boundary A location where two tectonic plates meet, often associated with earthquakes.
elastic rebound the sudden release of energy stored in rocks, causing them to snap back to their original shape during an earthquake.
volcano An opening in Earth’s surface through which magma, ash, and gases erupt.
magma Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface.
lava Molten rock that has erupted onto the Earth’s surface.
vent The opening in a volcano through which lava and gases escape.
hot spot A location where magma rises from deep in the mantle to create volcanic activity not at a plate boundary.
Created by: Fabian Carmona
 

 



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