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chapter 13-15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homozygous = | 2 identical genes (purebred) |
| Dominant allele = | physically shows |
| F2 generation = | offspring of F1 generation |
| Alleles = | alternate versions of a gene |
| Recessive allele = | doesn't show, is a carrier unless two of the same allele are present |
| Codominance = | both are expressed (2 dominant genes) |
| P generation = | true breeding offspring (heterozygous) |
| Law of Segregation = | two alleles for a character separate during gamete formation into half to from a gamete with only one allele |
| Prophase 1 = | crossing over occurs |
| Anaphase 1 = | homologous chromosomes separate |
| Cytokineses 2 = | separates the cell into two |
| F1 generation = | hybrid offspring of P generation |
| Homozygote = | 2 identical alleles for a gene |
| Metaphase 1 = | homologous pairs align |
| Pleiotropy = | recessive diseases like sickle-cell disease |
| Anaphase 2 = | homologous chromosomes separate |
| Genotype = | genetic makeup |
| Cytokineses 1 = | separates the cell into two |
| Nondisjunction = | homologous chromosomes don't separate correctly during meiosis |
| Epistasis = | one gene affects another gene (gene expression) |
| Trisomic = | zygote has three copies of a particular chromosomes |
| sporophyte = | makes haploid spores by meiosis |
| Phenotype = | physical appearance |
| genetic recombination = | production of offspring with combinants of traits differing from either parent |
| zygote = | fertilized egg and performs mitosis to creates somatic cells |
| 1 map unit = | 1% frequency |
| trait = | each variant for a character such as color |
| linked gene = | genes on the same chromosomes are inherited together (not always but usually) |
| Prophase 2 = | spindle apparatus |
| Heterozygous = | 2 different genes |
| Pedigree = | family tree of genetics |
| Telophase 1 = | each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes |
| Consanguineous = | mating between close relatives |
| true breeding = | pure bred (homozygous) |
| 50% frequency of __. | any 2 genes recombining |
| Complete dominance = | only one phenotype is expressed |
| unique to prophase 1 = | crossing over (recombinant chromosomes) |
| recombinant chromosomes = | alleles together in new combinations in gametes |
| Heterozygote = | 2 different alleles for a gene |
| Aneuploidy = | result of fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction (separation of chromosomes goes wrong) occurred |
| Incomplete dominance = | phenotype is a mix of both genes |
| gametophyte = | makes haploid gametes by mitosis |
| linkage map = | a genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequency |
| Carriers = | has one of the recessive alleles (heterozygous) |
| sex-linked genes = | gene located on a sex chromosome |
| parental types = | offspring with a matching phenotype of one parent |
| If genes are farther apart then ___. | there is a higher chance of crossing-over to occur |
| crossing over = | homologous chromosomes from each parent exchange genetic material |
| Polygene = | quantitative (observable) characters that vary in population |
| Barr body = | turns on genes that shut off one of the two x chromosomes in a female |
| Cohesins = | following interphase the chromosomes are held together by proteins |
| Polyploidy = | an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes, common only in plants, and is more normal presenting in aneuploids |
| genetic maps = | used to list the locations of genetic loci along a particular chromosome |
| Monosomic = | zygote has one copy of a particular chromosome |
| fertilization = | union of gametes, meiosis occurs first, meiosis/fertilization alternate between each other to maintain chromosome numbers |
| synaptonemal complex = | holds homologs together |
| Metaphase 2 = | homologous pairs align |
| Telophase 2 = | each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes |
| sex chromosomes = | determines gender using x or y chromosomes |
| the life cycle has ___. | both a diploid and haploid stage (gametes) |
| karyotype = | ordered display of the pairs of a chromosome in a cell |
| diploid cell (2n) = | two sets of chromosomes and are somatic cells |
| character = | heritable feature that varies among individuals |
| sexual = | two parents create genetically non-identical children for genetic diversity and time/energy consumptions |
| homologous chromosomes = | not identical, same length, centromere position, staining, carry genes, and has one gene from each parent |
| haploid cells (n) = | one set of chromosomes and are gamete cells |
| genes = | units of heredity that are passed on through gametes and are on the chromosomes locus' |
| life cycle = | the generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism |
| asexual = | single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring (basically a clone) |
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nccs114076