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Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Natural Support | Resources in person's environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, and co-workers |
| Intellectual Functioning | the ability to learn, reason, and problem-solve in areas involving language, reading, writing, math, general knowledge, and memory |
| Adaptive Behavior | The social and pratical intelligence used in people's everyday lives; along with IQ is considered in making a determination in intellectual disabilities |
| Social Intelligence | One's ability to understand and interpret social interactions between people, such as wheter someone is angry or happy; a component of adaptive behavior, which, in addition to IQ, is used to determind wheter someone has intellectual disabilities |
| Practical Intelligence | ability to solve everyday probelms |
| Supports | resources and strategies that promote a person's development, education, interests, and personal well-being; critical to the AAIDD's conceptualization of intellectual disabilities |
| Moderate | (IQ of about 35 to 50) |
| Severe | (IQ of about 20 to 35) |
| Mild | (IQ of about 50 to 70) |
| Profound | (IQ below about 20) |
| Intellectual Disabilities | the newer term for "mental retardation"; a disability i intelligence and adaptive behavior |
| Prenatal | before birth |
| Perinatal | at the time of birth |
| Postnatal | after birth |
| Chromosomal Disorder | Any of several syndromes resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosome(s); can result in intellitucal disabilities |
| Down Syndrome | A coniditon resulting from an abnormality with the first 21st pair of chromosomes; the most common abnormaility is a triplet rather than a pair; characterized by intellectual disbaility and such physcial signs as slanted-appearing eyes |
| Chromosomes | a rod-shaped entity in the nucleus of the call; contains genes, which convey hereditary charcateriticis; each cell in the human body continas 23 paris of chromosomes |
| Trisomy 21 | a type of Down Syndrome in which the 21st chromosome is a triplet, making 47, rather than the normal 46 chromosomes in total |
| Maternal Serum Screening (MSS) | a method of screening he fetus for devlopment disabilties such as Down Sydrome or spina bifida; a blood smaple is taken from the mother and analayzed; if it is positive, a more accurate test such as anniocentesis or CVS is usually recommended |
| Translucency Ultrasound | allows phsician to see the fluid from behind the fetus's neck |
| Amniocentsis | A medical procedure that allows examination of the amniotic fluid around the fetus; sometimes recommnaded to determine the presence of adnormality |
| Spina Bifida | a condition in which the spinal column fails to close properly while in the womb |
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) | a method of testing the unborn fetus for a vareity of chromosomes abnormalities; such as Down Sydrome; a small amount of tissue from the chorion (a membrane that eventually helps from the placenta) is extracted and tested: higher rask of miscarriage |
| Fragile X Syndrome | a conidition in which the bottom of the X-chromosome in the 23rd pair of chormosomes is pinched off; can result in a number of physcial anomalies as well as intellectual disabilites (more often in males than females) (most common hereditary) |
| Prader-Willi Sydrome | cuased by inheriting from one's father a lack of genetic material on the 15th pair of chromosomes, leading genetic cause of obesity; degree of intellectual disabilties varies, but the majority fall within the mild intellectual disability range |
| Sleep Apnea | cessation of breathing while sleeping |
| Williams Syndrome | a condotion resulting from deltion of material in the seventh pari of chromomsomes; often result in mild to moderate intellectual disabilities, heart defects, and elfin facial features; display strengths with spoken language when reading is weak |
| Inborn Errors of Metabolism | deficiencies in enzymes used to metabolize basic substances in the body, such as amio acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, or trace elements; can sometimes result in intellectual disabilities; PKU is an example |
| Phenylktonuria (PKU) | a metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain development |
| Microcephalus | a condotion causing development of a small, cone-shaped head; proper development of the brain is prevented, resulting in intellectual disabilities |
| Hydrocephalus | a condotion charcaterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid |
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) | a range of disorders in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | abnormalities associated with the mother's drinking alcohol during pregnancy; defects range from mild to severe, including growth retardation, brain damage, intellectual diability, abnormal faces, heart problems, (alcohol embryopathy) |
| Low Birth Weight (LBW) | babies who are born weighing less than 5.5 pounds usually premature; at risk for behavioral and medical conditions, such as intellectual disabilities |
| Rubella (German Mealses) | a serious viral disease, which, if it occurs during he first trimester of pregnancy, is likely to cause a deformity in the fetus |
| Anoxia | Deprivation of oxygen; can cuase brain injury |
| Syphilis | a venereal disease that can cause mental subnoramlity in a child, especially if it is contracted by the mother-to-be during the latter stages of fetual development |
| Herpes Simplex | a viral disease that can cause cold sores or fever blisters; if it affects the genitals and is contracted by the mother-to-be in the katter stages of fetual development, it can cause mental subnormality in the child |
| Encephalities | an inflammation of the brain; can affect the child's mental development adversely |
| Meningitis | a bacterial or viral infection of the lining of the brain or spinal cord, can cuase a number of disabilities |
| Mental Age | age level at which a person performs on an IQ test; used in comparison to chonological age to determind IQ. IQ= (mental age divded by chronological age) x 100 |
| Chronological Age | refers to how old a person is; used in comparsion to mental age to determind IQ. IQ =(mental age dived by chronological age) x 100 |
| Working Memory (WM) | the ability to remmeber information while also performing other cognitive operations |
| Self-regulation | refers generally to a a person's ability to regulate his or her own behavior; an area of diffculty for persons who have intellectural disabilities |
| Metacognition | one's understanding of he strategies available for learning a task and the regulatory mechanism needed to complete the task |
| Behvaioral Phentypes | A collection of behaviors, including cognitive, language, and social behaviors as well as psychopathological symptoms that tend to occur together in people with a speific gentic synfrome |
| Explicit Instruction | Involves being as clear, direct, and precise as possible |
| Systematic Instruction | Involves the teacher |
| Intellectual Disability | is a disability characterized by siginifcant limitations both in intellectual functions and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills |
Created by:
Kynedi_davis